Mexico

Being wiz of the intumescentst countries in the knowledge basely concern, Mexico boosts its territorial study amassing al closely 2 million square kilometers of land. Apart from this, Mexico withal has a diverse topography as manifested by its good climate. At any sequence of the twelvemonth, it has been say that Mexico has a perfect climate especi everyy in umpteen parts of its central highlands and whatever of its coastal locations.Although this has been the case, Mexicos economic system is say to be mostly driven by tourism, industrial yield, embrocate and gas production, textiles and clothing, and agriculture. It has as hale as been a worldwide fact that the Statesns visit Mexico more than than often than any another(prenominal) countries in the world because of its attr brisk and favourable tourist destinations. In addition, there has been numerous factories which subscribe to been make to take advantage of the spurn labor costs of Mexico. Aside from the vast industrial milieu, Mexico to a fault has been contribute almost 1/5 of the worlds oil reserves. Mexicos on the face of it progressive frugal activity is mainly attributed to its wide production as tumesce as exports on a wide selection of untaught goods.Meanwhile, it has long been said that the economy of Mexico is characterized by a bounteous market. In recent quarter dimensions, its unwashed domestic product has surpassed almost a one thousand thousand dollars which makes it one of the largest economies in the world. It is also firmly established as an pep pill middle-income inelegant with the highest income per capita in Latin America in market veer directs. However, Mexico is the altogether Latin American orbit to be member of the boldness for Economic Coop geological eration and victimization.Since the 1994 crisis, subsequent administrations were said to drill greatly influenced the improvement in the macrostinting fundamentals of Mexico. After its slo w growing in 2001, it in the end managed to maintain a small positive increase. Although Moodys (in March 2000) and Fitch IBCA (in January 2002) bedevil issued favorable deckment-grade ratings for its s everywhereeign debt, Mexico still needs to look for possible remedies to compose societal problems. Even if there has obtained a certain level of macro scotch stability that has reduced pomposity and stake drifts to record lows and change magnitude income per capita, there still exists problems regarding social inequities. These problems complicate the need to upgrade infrastructure, recrudesce the tax frame and labor laws and reduce income inequality.The economy of Mexico contains a motley of modern and outmoded industriousness and agriculture. These economic segments of Mexico are said to be mostly dominated by the offstage arena. However, recent administrations earn grow competition in sea ports, sandbags, telecommunications, electricity generation, cancel gas dissemination and airports with the aim of upgrading infrastructure. Meanwhile, or so 90% of its allot &8212 considering that Mexico is an export-oriented economy &8212 is under relax wiliness agreements (FTAs).The Free disdain agreement is composed and agreed upon by almost 40 countries including the European Union, Japan, Israel and legion(predicate) countries in cardinal and southerly America. However, the most influential among all allay avocation agreements is the NAFTA. NAFTA has said to contrive existed in 1994 and was signed in 1992 by the political sympathiess of the join States, Canada and Mexico. In 2006, trade with its northern partners accounted for close to 90% of Mexicos exports and 55% of its imports, with the great help from the bring out trade agreements.After five decades of political turbulence after independence in Mexico, the four consecutive administrations of President Porfirio Daz was said to be the igniting factor for the economic progress of Mexico. During his terminal figure, the ending pass of the 19th degree Celsius in Mexico has brought about economic egression as manifested with numerous unknown investings and by immigration. Also with his term, President Diaz was able to develop an efficient railroad system as wholesome as the great use of inherent re themes.It has also been said that during Diaz term, the make domestic product of Mexico was also scope those of Argentina and Uruguay during circa 1900 and it was almost tierce propagation more than the gross domestic product of Brazil and Venezuela. Its annual economic growth between 1876 and 1910 has also averaged by 3.3%. However, its inequitable land distribution system led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910-1917, which has transformed the important aspects of Mexican living. This armed counterpoint was said to be due to political repression and fraud as well as huge income inequalities. Then, large haciendas were mostly owned by a few but worked by millions of underpaid peasants living in precarious conditions.Meanwhile, during 1930 to 1970 Mexico was dubbed by economic historians as the Mexican Miracle. This period is said to be characterized by economic growth as spurred by a exemplification of import-substitution industrialization (ISI). This model has protected and promoted the development of national industries. Through the ISI model, the country see an economic boom through which industries rapidly expanded their production.Important changes in the economic structure involve the free land distribution to peasants under the construct of ejido, the nationalization of the oil and railroad companies, the introduction of social rights into the constitution, the birth of large and influential labor unions, and the upgrading of infrastructure. From 1940 to 1970 GDP increased six fold, whereas population doubled. The ISI model had r for each oneed its peaked in the late 1960s.During the 1970s, the administrations of Echeverr a and Lpez Portillo tried to refurbish the economy and began to include social development in their policies, an effort that entailed more popular spending. However, the goernment clear-cut to borrow from international bang-up markets to invest in the state-owned oil company &8212 which in turn seemed to provide a long-run income source to promote social welfare &8212 in the approaching of the discovery of huge oil fields during those times where oil prices were billow and international inte wait rates were low and nonetheless negative.In fact, this method has bring ond a remarkable growth in humans expenditure, and President Lpez Portillo announce that the time had come to learn to manage prosperity. This period of prosperity, however, was attach to by the mismanagement of resources and inflation.In 1981-1982, the international panorama changed abruptly. This has been manifested by oil prices at long last plunging as well as the detrimental increase in interest rates. In 1982, President Lpez Portillo before ending his administration decided to suspend payments of foreign debt, devalued the peso and nationalized the banking system along with many other industries that were severely unnatural by the crisis.While import substitution had produced an era of industrialization in previous decades, it was evident that that protracted protection had produced an uncompetitive industrial sector with low productivity gains. Meanwhile, President de la capital of Spain was the number one in the series of presidents that began to implement neoliberal reforms.After the crisis of 1982, lenders were unwilling to relent to Mexico and in wander to keep the current account in balance. With this, the regime has decided to resort to currency devaluations which has produced an effect that sparked unprecedented inflation. Its inflation rate has reached its pastal high in 1987 at approximately 159.7%.In order to alter all the untoward economic activities in Mexico, M exico has decided to liberalize its trade policies. It has been said that the first step toward the liberalization of its trade was the incorporation of Mexicos touching of GATT in 1986. During the Salinas administration in Mexico, state-owned companies were privatized with the worthy exception of the oil industry and energy since these industries were primarily protected by their constitution. In addition, the North American Free Trade Agreement was signed in 1992 between the coupled States, Canada and Mexico.Soon after, the signature of two additional supplements on environments and labor standards came into effect on January 1, 1994. Aside from these, the Salinas administration also introduced strict price controls and negotiated smaller negligible wage increments with labor unions with the aim of curbing inflation. While his strategy was sure-fire in reducing inflation, economic growth pf Mexico has averaged only 2.8 share a course of study. Although this has been the cas e, it barely shows that little by little Mexico is slowly recovering from the foregone mistakes of previous administrations. Also, the move to liberalize the trade policies would really help them picture that there would exist positive economic growth for the people.After several administrations severe to pose remedy on seemingly difficult-situated economy of Mexico, the Salinas disposal proved that Mexico can still be at par with the economic activities of other countries in the world. Meanwhile, the Mexican economy rather its official money gained fortissimo by enforcing a fixed exchange rate. It has been said that the peso has move around overvalued while the consumer spending increased. With this Mexicos current account deficit to reach 7% of gross domestic product in 1994, which was primarily financed through public debt instruments called tesobonos.This financing system has reassured Mexicos payment in dollars. However, the momentary economic growth was again placed in a bad lightsome after the Chiapas revolt and the assassinations of the most- carely to win presidential candidate as well as the nations prosecutor in 1994, which lastly sent an unfavorable pass to investors, both existing and electric potential.Meanwhile, public debt holders rapidly sold their tesobonos which depleted the Central Banks reserves. Portfolio investments, on the other hand, which had made up 90% of total investment flows, left the country as fast as they had come in. This unsustainable business office eventually forced the Zedillo administration to abandon the fixed exchange rate because this seemingly has not proved great worth to the Mexican economy.During that time, the peso sharply devalued and the country entered into an economic crisis in 1995. The boom in exports as well as an international rescue package crafted by American president Bill Clinton in a certain substance helped cushion the crisis. And after less than 18 months, the economy of Mexico was seen to be slowly recovering again. During that 18 months, the annual growth rate of Mexico was aid to rent averaged for about 5.1 per centum between 1995 and 2000.President Zedillo and President Fox continued with trade liberalization. During their administrations, several free trade agreements were signed with Latin American and European countries as well as in Japan and Israel in order to maintain macroeconomic stability. With this, Mexico became one of the most open countries in the world to trade and its economy base shifted accordingly. The total trade of Mexico with the United States and Canada eventually tripled and its total exports and imports almost quadrupled between 1991 and 2003. Mexicos economy is now characterized with a favorable rating as foreign investment was changed from portfolio to foreign-direct investment (FDI).During the last quarter of 2000, it has been said that the Mexican economy grew at an annual rate of 5.1 percentage which has marked its twentieth con secutive quarter of economic growth. For the entire year, the gross domestic product of Mexico then increased by 6.9 percent, the second highest growth rate in two decades. Indeed, the implementation of sound fiscal and pecuniary policies during 2000 enabled Mexico to achieve, and in most cases outperform, the main economic targets established at the commence of the year.In addition, Mexicos gross domestic product (GDP) in 2000 grew by 6.9 percent in real hurt, 2.4 percentage points higher than the original target of 4.5 percent. In current prices, its GDP amounted to 5,432.3 billion pesos (approximately US$574.8 billion). This increase was brought about by the 10 percent expansion in gross fixed capital formation which was supported by the increase in one-on-one investments, and by an 8.7 percent growth in private consumption. On the other hand, public spending was said to set out registered only a moderate 3.5 percent increase during the year.The most vigorous component of ag gregate demand during that time was the export sector, which expanded at an annual growth rate of 16 percent. For 2000 as a solid, the value of exports totaled US$166.4 billion. In terms of sector performance, the primary sector which include the agriculture, livestock, fishing and forestry has expanded at a rate of 3.4 percent in 2000. Meanwhile, the industrial sector which included the mining, manufacturing, construction and electricity as well as the servings sector, which included commerce, transportation, communication and financial services, grew only by 6.6 and 7.4 percent, respective(prenominal)ly.In an article written by Dickerson, however, Mexicos economy slowed in the last three months of 2006. This was aid to have been brought about by the consequences in the United States Tough times in Mexico typically fuel immigration north of the d mad up. In the same year, it has been said that Mexicos gross domestic product only expanded 4.3% in the October-to-December period fr om the final examination quarter of 2005 ground on the figures released by the finance ministry. It was said to be the third consecutive period of slower growth in the nations economic output as manifested with a sharp decline from the 5.5% expansion registered in the first quarter. The deceleration was blamed largely on a vacant factory sector and a backwardness in exports to Mexicos principal customer, the United States.In 2006, Mexico only posted GDP growth of 4.8% which has been considered the strongest since 2000. High oil prices wield record tax tax income into government coffers. The economy of the United States, Mexicos biggest work partner, is also weakening. Meanwhile, Mexicos inflation has been rising, its oil production is slipping, and the nations bellwether auto sector has overhead a speed bump. Its inflation has been greatly manifested by soaring unemployment as well as rising prices on basics including tortillas, milk and ball have sparked street protests. T he unemployment rate of most of its people was also affected with the slower rate of remittance by those working outside their country.It has been said that most Mexican families only rely on the remittances sent home. Remittances have become the nations second-largest source of foreign exchange behind oil revenue enhancement. The slowdown in economic growth is attributed also to manufacturing. Mexicos factory or manufacturing sector only expanded 3.1% in the final quarter of the year. In the first three months of the year, it grew by only about 7% which was driven by a rebound in producing automobiles.The Mexican plants of Ford Motor Co., popular Motors Corp. and DaimlerChrysler has only accounted for about 70% of the cars assembled in Mexico and most of which end up in American showrooms, not also in Mexico since customers as surely to swarm over luxury vehicles when it would be showcased in the United States. But, the U.S. gross revenue slump has trimmed Mexican production of vehicles as well as its exports after it only acquired a 5% growth rate in December. The trend accelerated in January as exports tumbled to 88,915 vehicles, a 20.7% drop from January 2006.In last year, Mexicos overall export growth also slipped to 6% in November and 4% in December after an average increase of 19% over the first 10 months of the year. Its Industrial production barely grew a 1.6% rate in December, much lower than forecasts made by most economists. Meanwhile, consumer prices have also been predicted to be rising. Mexico ended 2006 with an inflation rate of 4.05%, up from 3.3% in 2005. This was said to be brought about mainly by skyrocketing prices for agricultural products which include tomatoes, tortillas and other basic foodstuffs. However, this phenomenon of skyrocketing agricultural prices could force Mexicos central bank to elevate interest rates, which could eventually help put a stop to inflation while become a burden to economic growth.On the other hand, Mexic os oil sector was said to have not contributed much to the economic growth of the country in 2007. This has been manifested by the continuing increase in crude prices although it has declined steeply since last summers record highs, meaning less oil revenue for Mexicos treasury. Production also has locomote sharply at Cantarell, its largest oil field, a major worry in a nation that last year relied on petrodollars to fund nearly 40% of public spending.As earlier stated, the remittances &8212 which has also become part of the economic activity in Mexico &8212 have shown signs of tedious growth. Mexican workers last year only remitted almost $23 billion to their families. But the pace of growth decelerated markedly over the course of the year. In the first quarter of 2006, remittances grew 27.5% compared with the January-to-March period in 2005. In the final three months of last year, remittances were up just 5.5% over the same period the year before. However, November and December were seen to in truth be stagnated in terms of growth.It has also been said that the slower economic growth of Mexico could be a result of tighter U.S. border enforcement. To some, it is a sign of progress for border agents but a potential blow for Mexico, where remittances have become a pillar of the economy.Agriculture, as a percentage of GDP, has been steadily declining. However, this has been also encountered ny most developing nations as it plays a smaller role in the economy. In 2006, the agriculture sector of Mexico has accounted for only 3.9% of GDP, down from 7% in 1980, and 25% in 1970. Nonetheless, given the historic structure of ejidos, it still employs a considerably high percentage of the work force 18% in 2003 which are mostly of basic crops for subsistence as compared to 2-5% in developed nations in which production is highly mechanized.In spite of be a staple in Mexican diet, Mexicos comparative advantage in agriculture is not in lemon, but in horticulture, tropi cal fruits and vegetables. Negotiators of free trade agreements are expected that through liberalization and mechanization of agriculture, two-thirds of Mexican corn-producers would naturally shift from corn production to horticultural and other labour-intensive crops such as fruits, nuts, vegetables, coffee and sugar cane. While horticultural trade has drastically increased due to these agreements, it has not absorbed displaced workers from corn production which has been estimated at around 600,000.Moreover, corn production has remained stable as a result of income support to farmers or a reticence to abandon a millenarian tradition in Mexico not only have peasants large(p) corn for millennia, corn originated in Mexico. Even today, Mexico is still the fourth largest corn producer in the world.Meanwhile, the industrial sector as a whole have benefited from trade liberalization. In 2000, it has been said to have accounted for almost 90% of all export earnings. As earlier stated, th e most important industrial manufacturer in Mexico is the automotive industry This industry are internationally recognized for their standards of quality. Although this has been the case, the automobile sector in Mexico differs from that in other Latin American countries and developing nations in that it does not function as a mere assembly manufacturer.The industry produces technologically complex components and engages in some research and development activities. The Big Three which includes General Motors, Ford and Chrysler have been operating in Mexico since the 1930s. Volkswagen and Nissan on the other hand had only built their plants in the 1960s. Now, even other car producers such as Honda, BMW, and Mercedes-Benz have joined in. Given the high requirements of North-American components in the industry, many European and Asiatic parts suppliers have also moved to Mexico for one reason alone, that is, because most labor oriented employment has been subjected to lower costs.Mean while, some large industries of Mexico include Cemex the third largest cement conglomerate in the world in term of alcohol drunkenness industries &8212 has delineate a meager amount in the economic activity of the country. It has been said that high-tech industrial production represented 21% of total exports, the highest in Latin America. Apart from Cemex, the alcohol beverage industry includes world-renowned players like Grupo Modelo, or conglomerates like FEMSA, which apart from owning breweries and the OXXO convenience put in chain, is also the second-largest Coca-Cola bottler in the world. It also include Gruma, the largest producer of corn dredge and tortillas in the world, Bimbo, Telmex, Televisa, and many other high-tech industries, many of which are based in Monterrey.Maquiladoras &8212 or the Mexican factories which take in imported raw materials and produce goods for export &8212 have become the nucleus of trade in Mexico. This sector has benefited from the free trade a greements being pushed by several administrations in Mexico. The real income in the maquiladora sector has increased 15.5% since 1994, though from the non-maquiladora sector has heavy(a) much faster.Contrary to popular belief, this should be no surprise since maquiladoras products could enter the US duty free since the 1960s industry agreement. Other sectors now benefit from the free trade agreement and that the share of exports from non-border states has increased in the last 5 years while the share of exports from maquiladora-border states has decreased.Meanwhile, mineral resources are the nations property by constitution. As such, the energy sector is administered by the government with varying degrees of private investment. By fact, Mexico is the fifth-largest oil producer in the world with the capacity to produce about 3.8 million barrels per day. The public company in complaint of administering research, exploitation and sales of oil and is considered the largest oil in Lati n America is Pemex, which makes $86 billion in sales a year. Their sales constitutes a sum larger than the GDP of some of the regions countries.However, although it has been said that Pemex is the largest oil company, their growth is temporarily hampered with the imposition of high taxes, which eventually is a significant source of revenue for the government. Without enough money to continue investing in decision new sources or upgrading infrastructure and being protected constitutionally from private and foreign investment, some have predicted the company may face institutional collapse. While the oil industry is still relevant for the governments budget, its importance in GDP and exports has steadily fallen since the 1980s. In 1980 oil exports accounted for 61.6% of total exports by 2000 it was only 7.3%.On the other hand, the service sector was estimated to account for 70.5% of the countrys GDP, and employs 58% of the active population. This section includes transportation, comme rce, warehousing, restaurant and hotels, arts and entertainment, health, education, financial and banking services, telecommunications as well as public administration and defense. Mexicos service sector has been strong, and in 2001 it replaced Brazils as the largest service sector in Latin America in dollar terms.Moreover, the tourism industry is also one of the most important industries in Mexico. It is the fourth largest source of foreign exchange for the country. Mexico is the eight most visited countries in the world with over 20 million tourists a year.Meanwhie, the financial and banking sector is increasely dominated by foreign companies or mergers of foreign and Mexican companies with the notable exception of Banorte. The acquisition of Banamex, one of the oldest surviving financial institutions in Mexico, by Citigroup was the largest US-Mexico corporate merger at 12.5 billion USD. Banamex generates almost three times as much revenue than all 16 Citigroups subsidiaries in th e rest of Latin America. In spite of that, the largest financial institution in Mexico is Bancomer associated to the Spanish BBVA.The process of institution building in the financial sector in Mexico has evolved hand in hand with the efforts of financial liberalization and of inserting the economy more fully into world markets. The financial sector is becoming stable over the years with the acquisitions of foreign institutions such as US-based Citigroup, Spains BBVA and the UKs HSBC. Their presence coupled with a better regulatory framework has allowed Mexicos banking system to recover from their financial crisis manifested by the peso devaluation.Pubic lending as well as in lending in the private sector is increasing and so is activity in the areas of insurance, leasing and mortgages. However, bank credit accounts for only 22% of GDP, which is significantly low compared to 70% in Chile. Although lending has been widely legitimate now in mexico, credit in the agricultural sector h as fallen 45.5% in six years from 2001 to 2007 and has now represented about 1% of total bank loans.It has been described by critics that Mexicos economy is like an carpenters plane flying with only one engine, that engine-exports-is powerful enough to keep the country from crashing but not powerful enough to lift the whole country. Unless the labor of domestic demand turns over as well, Mexicos economy will neer really take off. Mexicos current economic system fails to generate even a fraction of the one million new jobs that Mexicans seek each year, and it does not seem to promise rapid growth in the future. Indeed, one unstated but inescapable conclusion is that Mexico cannot hardly catch up to its free-trade partners in North America even at par with their respective living standards.Mexicos economy which ahs said to be undercapitalized, inefficient, mistrusted, and biased in favor of large enterprises have remained a stigma or a hard barrier to broad-based economic growth. A few thousand large agro industries like exporting fruits, vegetables, and some livestock have found considerable success. Meanwhile, a significant proportion of commercial producers are bankrupt.The peasant maize economy is battered by free trade, but it will not go because there is a dearth of alternative employment. Good agricultural lands go uncultivated because farmers cannot compete with imports from the United States, while poor peasants deplete natural resources on lands poorly suited to agriculture.A third problem that surface at some points is the collusive nature of business-government relations. Mexico often remains a country where profits are privatized and losses socialized.Underlying many of Mexicos problems is the need for more government revenue. Budget reductions have been responsible for rather striking cuts in government investment, which in turn, have dampened domestic demand and weakened certain sectors of the economy. tax collection as a percentage of gross domestic products actually fell during the 1990s, a trend that underscores how inadequate has been the focus on the revenue side of Mexicos budget. The problem is especially acute with regard to social spending. Mexico could potentially afford close-to-universal health care coverage and more extensive antipoverty programs all it would really need to do is raise taxes by about 5 percent of GDP.WORKS CITED(1996). Mexico Economy. Retrieved 18 April 2007, from Travel Document Systems, Inc. Websitehttp//www.traveldocs.com/mx/economy.htm.(2003). Economic make known Mexico. Retrieved 17 April 2007, from Websiteunpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN001680.pdf.(2007). Economy of Mexico. Retrieved 17 April 2007, from Websitehttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico/Economy.(2007). Mexicos Economy. Retrieved 17 April 2007, from Economist.com Websitehttp//www.economist.com/research/backgrounders/displaybackgrounder.cfm?bg=629589.Whalen, Christopher (1995). Mexico Whats Next? Re trieved 17 April 2007, fromWebsitehttp//www.cs.uwaterloo.ca/alopez-o/politics/whatsnext.htmlBaker, Dean (2006). Beat the Press impress News on Mexico at the Washington Post. Retrieved 17 April 2007, from Website http//beatthepress.blogspot.com/2006/04/surprising-news-on-mexico-at.htmlDickerson, Marla, . (2007). Mexico Economy losings Steam. Retrieved 17 April 2007, from Los Angeles Times Websitehttp//www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-mexico17feb17,1,2750169.story?coll=la-headlines-business&ctrack=1&cset=true.Lawson, Chappell, . (2004). Confronting Development Assessing Mexicos Economic and Social Policy Challenges Latin America. Retrieved 17 April 2007, from Massachusetts launch of Technology Websitehttp//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4000/is_200404/ai_n9363872/pg_4.Mexico. Britannica Book of the Year, 2004. 2007. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. 18 Apr. 2007 <http//www.britannica.com/eb/article-9396351Slemko, Tom, . (1996). Mexico, culture, health care, driving, living, cli mate, etc. Retrieved 17 April 2007, from Virtual Mexico Websitehttp//www.virtualmex.com/general.htm.