How Does Failure Lead to Success?

Failure can lead to success like how you learn from mistakes you can learn from failure. Most people learn life lessons by the mistakes they make. So basically to learn things in life mistakes must be made, at least that's my opinion. Sometimes you can fail at one thing, but in the end you have succeeded in something different. For example how Christopher Columbus failed at finding a new way to Asia, but instead he succeeded n something far more greater.He discovered America. Without his failure America would be left undiscovered for some long amount of time. My own personal failure to success story is one most people wouldn't even call success. Last year I was going down the wrong path in life, I felt like nothing could stop me, like everything I done would have no negative affect on me. Skipping school everyday, doing all the wrong things. All those things got me caught up, I call it failure because I got caught by my school, police, and worst of all my parents.I broke the trust. B ut all that opened up my eyes, if I didn't fail then who knows where I'd be right now, locked up or six feet under. My failure brought along my success. I started fixing my grades, attitude, and my relationship with my family. So in my eyes failure can lead to success, at least It has for me. Like how good things come out of bad things, maybe failure Is consideration, it should be success at finding out some things Just weren't meant to be.As I look back into my past I realize all the times my failure has led to success. I regret none of the things I've done In the past, because they are what makes me who I am today. Like a story written In Ink, you can't erase your mistakes. The times I get caught doing wrong I call that my failure, the times I learn from my failure I call that my success. And with that success always comes after failure.

If I Were the President of India Essay

Gandhiji’s full name was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. He was born on October 2, 1869 in a town called Poxbandar, Gujarat. He was the architect of India’s freedom and one of the greatest men of this century. Mahatma Gandhi’s life was dedicated to the ideals of truth, non-violence and love. Young Gandhi had his primary education up to the seventh year at Porbandar. Then his education continued at Rajkot. Once an Inspector of Schools visited the school. The teacher dictated some English words. Gandhiji had spelt the word ‘Kettle’ incorrectly. The teacher noticed this, and made signs to Gandhiji to correct it by copying from his neighbour. But Gandhiji did not do so. He also felt that the same teacher, who had taught him that copying was bad, was not right in prompting him to do so. Still, the respect he had for his teacher did not grow less. When Mahatma Gandhi was only nineteen years old, he went to England to become a barrister. He obtained the degree of Barrister-at-Law and started practising law in South Africa. Once he had to make a journey by train,, so he bought a first-class ticket. During the journey, an officer of the railway asked him to vacate his seat for a white man, and to move to the van on the train. Mahatma Gandhi refused. The railway officials, with the help of the police, had his things thrown out. He was also removed from the carriage by force. Thus Gandhiji was subject to untold shame. This incident transformed him. Gandhi started an organisation and called it ‘The Natal Indian Congress’. It was to carry on the struggle of the Indians against racial discrimination. He also started a newspaper called ‘The Indian Opinion’. The paper became an organ to give information about the struggle. Mahatma Gandhi stayed on in South Africa for nearly 21 years to fight against racial discrimination against Indian settlers. He propagated the concept of Satyagraha (satya means truth and agraha firmness). It was the use of ‘Soul-Force’ against ‘Brute-Force’ or violence. He trained men, women and children as volunteers. He called his band a ‘Peace Brigade’. He won his battle when, finally, the South African Government gave in to his demands. Gandhi now became a world-renowned person. He soon earned the title of ‘Mahatma’ (maha means great and atma means soul) among Indians all over the world. Gandhiji came back to India in 1915 and built an ashram on the banks of the Sabaramati river near Ahmadabad. It was called ‘Satyagraha Ashram’. The way of life that he practised there was known as ‘Sarvodaya’ the well-being of all. He fought peacefully for many causes and succeeded in persuading the government to abolish many abuses against labourers in Bihar, the Kaira peasants in Gujarat, etc.

Homosexuality: Nature Versus Nurture

HOMOSEXUALITY: NATURE VERSUS NURTURE Nature; all things belong to Mother Nature; the trees, the flowers, insects, the great waters, animals, and even the human race; all following the laws of nature that we are instinctively born with. However somewhere along the line something or someone defies those laws and go against what nature intended. Whether or not this rebellion is fostered by nurture, or if there is an exception to the laws that Mother Nature has set forth is a question that psychologist and many people have encountered and most have yet to find the answer. Homosexuality has been thought of as being something that some are born with and others believe it is a learned behavior. Whether or not nature or nurture is the cause for this â€Å"abnormality† we may never definitively know the answer to. But then again that all depends on what we define as being â€Å"normal†. To begin to answer the questions that plague humanity about sexual orientation we must first ask ourselves what exactly is sexuality and what role does it play in our society and the continuation of life. Sexuality is broken down into three areas: heterosexuality, bisexuality, and homosexuality. If you look at these on a scale one’s sexuality would be measured by the degree in which ones feelings are more drawn too from one end of the scale to the other (Feldman, 2009, pg 376). There are several components that are argued to have a significant role in what a person’s sexual identity is. These components are both biological and environmental in nature (Feldman, 2009, pg 377). Biologically hormones may play a role in determining sexual orientation (Feldman, 2009, pg 377). â€Å"Research has shown that women exposed to a drug called diethylstilbestrol (DES), taken by women to avoid miscarriage, before birth were more likely to be homosexual or bisexual† (Feldman, 2009, pg 377). â€Å"There is also research suggesting that brain structure could be a factor in the determination of ones sexuality† (Feldman, 2009, pg 377). The structure of the anterior hypothalamus, an area of the brain that governs sexual behavior, differs in male homosexuals and heterosexuals; compared with heterosexual men or women, gay men have a larger anterior commissure, which is a bundle of neurons connecting the right and left hemispheres of the brain† (Feldman, 2009, pg 377). Although biological reasoning can not be a clear cut explanation for homosexuality; it leaves us room to understand the condition of homosexuals rather than boorishly passing judgment on peopl e for something they did not ask to be. Examining the notion that homosexuality is a learned behavior rather than an innate behavior has led to one very interesting yet sad life lesson for one family suffering from what one could call the effects of inadvertent child abuse. David Reimer was born Bruce Reimer, however he was raised as Brenda Reimer. When David and his twin brother Brian were just six months old their mother took them in for a routine circumcision. The babies had been having difficulty passing urine and with the suggestion of the family Doctor Mrs. Reimer took her boys in for the procedure that would ultimately change David’s life before it even began (McKenna, Kessler, Tiefer, and Schober, 2002). â€Å"The doctors had chosen an unconventional method of circumcision, one in which the skin would be burned. The procedure went horribly wrong and Bruce's penis was burned so badly that it could not be repaired surgically. † Thinking irrationally, Mrs. Reimer’s first concerns were how Bruce would cope as an adolescent lacking a penis. The decision was made; after listening to a Doctor by the name of John Money, and taking into consideration his views on sexuality, it was decided that Bruce would be raised as a female, and was renamed Brenda. Dr. John Money of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore argues that â€Å"boys – caught early enough – could be raised to be girls; nurture and not nature determines a child's gender, the doctor argued† (McKenna, Kessler, Tiefer, and Schober, 2002). If this is to be true, that nurture is the determining factor in ones sexuality, then raising Bruce as Brenda would seemingly erase any hardship he would have to encounter growing up. However that would prove to be furthest from the truth. Growing up Brenda couldn’t understand why she liked doing things that boys were doing and why as an adolescent she became attracted to girls and not boys. Eventually Brenda would learn the truth of her true identity and what he had been going through with Dr. Money and his â€Å"experiment†; a life experience that would ultimately lead to his committing suicide (McKenna, Kessler, Tiefer, and Schober, 2002). Subjecting individuals to such traumas can prove to have a psychological hold on people who have to endure such horrific episodes in their lives. Sexual trauma and early exposure to sexual activity is another argument in the quest to determine the roots to homosexuality. There are so many young girls today that start out with sexual activity at an early age; some as early as ten years old. Over time these young ladies are exposed to sexual activity such as oral sex, group sex, and same-sex gratification. They have allowed themselves to be misused by men, for lack of guidance, and find that blaming the men for their broken hearts is an easy way to act on their curiosities about same-sex relations. With the rise of same-sex parenting it is only natural for one to assume that such behavior displayed in the home would raise questions to rather or not this type of dysfunctional display of what a family is â€Å"supposed† to look like could actually be one of the causes of homosexuality amongst pre-teens and teens. If this is all they see at home this becomes normal to them; therefore making heterosexuality an abnormality. However on the contrary studies show that â€Å"researchers looked at information gleaned from 15 studies on more than 500 children, evaluating possible stigma, teasing and social isolation, adjustment and self-esteem, opposite gender role models, sexual orientation, and strengths. Studies from 1981 to 1994, including 260 children reared by either heterosexual mothers or same-sex mothers after divorce, found no differences in intelligence, type or prevalence of psychiatric disorders, self-esteem, well-being, peer relationships, couple relationships, or parental stress†(MD, Chang, 2002). Some studies showed that single heterosexual parents' children have more difficulties than children who have parents of the same sex,† Perrin says. â€Å"They did better in discipline, self-esteem, and had less psychosocial difficulties at home and at school† (MD, Chang, 2002). â€Å"Another study of 37 children of 27 divorced lesbian mothers and a similar number of children of he terosexual mothers found no differences in behavior, adjustment, gender identity, and peer relationships† (MD, Chang, 2002). The effects of same-sex parenting seems to be equally or more effective than that of heterosexual house-holds. The one governing element in child rearing is a combination of love, discipline, and explanation of things not easily understood. There can, however, be a much darker side to the equation. Such as childhood rape; â€Å"although it is difficult to make accurate estimates of the true incidence of child sexual abuse, due to the majority of the cases going unreported, experts estimate that each year a half million children are sexually abused† (Feldman, 2009, pg 380). The short – and longer term consequences of child hood sexual abuse can be extremely damaging. Victims report fear, anxiety, depression, anger, and hostility. Long-term effects may include depression, self-destructive behavior such as drug and alcohol abuse, poor self-esteem, and feeling of isolation† (Feldman, 2009, pg 381). Children who experience same-sex sexual abuse can suffer identity issu es when it comes time for them to identify their sexual orientation. Because of the trauma this behavior fosters confusion, and uncertainty about who they are sexually. There are however those who triumph in the face of adversity; those who take negatives and make out of them their testimony and help others with the same or similar issues. Take for example the life of Mr. Donnie McClurkin; as a child Donnie was not raped once but twice by two different family members. Both family members were of the male gender. Throughout his life Donnie had to cope with the sexual trauma he had endured at such an early age; he became confused and could not understand why him (Boykin, 2002). Mr. McClurkin led a homosexual lifestyle for over 20 years until he completely gave his life over to his religion. He is now married to a woman and has children. He no longer lives a homosexual lifestyle (Boykin, 2002) In this situation his choice to lead a homosexual lifestyle was fostered by sexual and mental trauma, this does not constitute factual standing that he was born a homosexual or even that he really â€Å"choose† to have these misunderstood feelings for the same sex. So how then do we conclude whether or not sexuality is a choice or an inborn attribute people come to this world with before they even completely understand the beauty of sexual orientation? Living in a world where you are forced suppress who you really are to pacify the needs of others will always be a hindrance and in turn will keep you oppressed in your own body. Most homosexuals suffer from depression because they are hiding their true selves from the world for fear of being exiled so-to-speak by society. However in this day and age freedom to self expression has become more accepted though there are still others who have become like a recluse to their families because of their sexual preference. Is homosexuality really a sin? First of all we have to establish what the word sin really means. According to the Bible; to sin is to transgress the law. Most people who are familiar with religion and its origin know that according to Hebrew Scriptures the law is what we call today the Old Testament, or more accurately referred to as the Torah. The Torah was given to Moses in it you will find the Ten Commandments (Exodus 34:28) Though in the United States of America church and state are deemed separate, the constitution adheres to those Ten Commandments in which speak nothing of homosexuality. So, how then does homosexuality become a sin; would it be the same as saying a person afflicted with mental retardation is a sinner; they too did not ask to be that way. Being in your natural state means to be who you are; if you are a homosexual who pretends to be heterosexual to please society you are then in an unnatural state. If God makes no mistakes then why are homosexuals persecuted so harshly? Religion is a man made institution to allow for structure within a society; it has nothing to do with nature. If one can not explain the beauty of God in mere mortal words how then can they determine what is natural and what is not. Life is an expression; so is love. Therefore if it is more natural for one to express their love with someone of the same sex, then who are we to judge? The line between â€Å"normal† and â€Å"abnormal† can be as thin as the line between love and hate. To be is to exist and to have your very existence held hostage by the insecurities of someone else’s existence is an injustice imposed by a society who finds great thrill in playing the role of God. Nature is beautiful. It brings with it the beauty of mystery and the excitement of being able to acquire knowledge thereof. It can not be explained by limiting its greatness to the confines of the human psyche and the ignorance of its grace. Nature determines what is natural. If it is born of nature that it is in the state it was intended to be; so again I ask who are we to judge? References Boykin, K. , (2002) Confessions of Donnie McClurkin. Retrieved May 23, 2009 from http://www. keithboykin. om/arch/2002/11/19/confessions_of. Feldman, R. S. , (2009) Understanding Psychology. Ninth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. McKenna W. , Kessler S. J. , Tiefer L. , Schober J. M. (2002). As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31(3), 301-306. Retrieved May 25, 2009, from Research Library database. (Document ID: 121961432). MD, Chang, L. , (2002). Study: Same-Sex Parents Raise Well-Adjusted Kids. Retrieved May 24, 2009 from WebMD Health News Archive. T he Bible. King James Version.

Sexuality and Breast Cancer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sexuality and Breast Cancer - Assignment Example Particularly among women more than 50 years of age, breast cancer is one of the major causes of deaths throughout the United Kingdom. Each year, approximately more than 10,000 or 26 out of 100,000 women die due to untreated breast cancer (Office for National Statistics, 2011b). Several studies revealed that there is a close link between sexuality and breast cancer in the sense that most women who has been diagnosed or has received breast cancer treatment experience a decreased sexual performance due to the psychological impact of body image disturbances (Fobair & Spiegel, 2009; Sheppard & Ely, 2008; Burwell et al., 2006; Fobair et al., 2006; Pelusi, 2006). The focus of this annotated bibliography is to examine and identify the link between sexuality and breast cancer. Aside from determining strategic ways that will enable specialist breast care nurses deliver a holistic care to the patients, information gathered in this study will be useful in terms of educating men and women about the psychological impact of having breast cancer on sexuality. This article increases the readers’ knowledge with regards to effective ways in controlling symptoms related to breast cancer treatment. It also emphasized the importance of increasing the nurses’ knowledge concerning the physiological and psychological impact of breast cancer. Aside from considering the cultural background of each patient when treating breast cancer, the author explained how the use of chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, radiation therapy, and mastectomy could create negative effects in patients’ sexual responses, sexual relationship with their partners and disturbance in body image. The author conducted a literature review as a way of examining the impact of breast cancer and breast cancer treatments on body image, sexual roles and relationships, and cultural differences of each patient. In general, qualitative approach in research design examines the relationship between the nature of the subject being examined in its natural setting (Maykut & Mor ehouse, 1994, p. 68). Through the use of this approach in research design, the researcher can freely describe and interpret the personal opinion of the research respondents with regards to the research questions (Patton, 2002). However, information gathered from pure qualitative research study is highly dependent on the researcher’s analysis and interpretation. Therefore, it would have been better in case the author decided to combine the use of qualitative with quantitative approach in research study design. Aside from the negative psychological impact of mastectomy, aging could make women unhappy about their physical appearance. Therefore, health teaching should be a part of the nurses’ responsibility when delivering holistic care to the patients. To encourage the patients’ partner in giving emotional support to the patient, nurses should communicate and educate the patients’ partner that the side effects of cancer therapies includes hormonal changes, s leep and appetite disturbances, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, malaise, and apathy. In response to

Korea in the Cold War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Korea in the Cold War - Essay Example 883). The war broke in June 25, 1950; led by the Soviet made tanks, the North Korean military rumbled across the thirty-eighth parallel. South Korea was caught unprepared, and their forces were pushed back southward to a treacherously tiny defensive region around Pusan. In the process of restoring peace between these two regimes, General MacArthur was the U.N. commander in the entire operation. Instead of fighting his way out of the southern Pusan perimeter, MacArthur launched a bold amphibious landing behind the rival’s lines at Inchon. This action succeeded, and the North Koreans scrambled back behind the asylum of the thirty-eighth parallel. MacArthur received authorization to cross the border to North Korea by the U.N. Assembly; President Truman ordered him northward. MacArthur insisted there was no substitute for victory, and his comments against Truman led to his removal from command (Kennedy et al. 884). The Korean War provided the occasion for a vast expansion of the A merican army. President Truman gave orders to MacArthur, and this shows that America was extensively involved in the war. Through the National Security Council Memorandum Number 68 (NSC-68), President Truman ordered enormous military buildup which was beyond what was essential for the instant purposes of the Korean War. (Kennedy et al. 883). Truman took advantage of the temporary absence of the Soviet Union from the U.N. Security Council, to obtain an undisputed condemnation of North Korea as the assailant. Without consulting the Congress, Truman ordered U.S. naval and air units to support South Korea. When America realized there was no intervention from China or the Soviet Union, they raised their stakes in Korea. The Chinese communists counter attacked North Korea when hostile troops approached the Yalu River border between China and Korea. The effects of the Korean War later led to disintegration of North Korea and South Korea. In July 1951, peace discussions started in a rude meadow tent close to the firing line, but these talks were also immediately hitched on the issue of prisoner exchange. Talks hauled unproductively for almost two years (Kennedy et al. 885). The events of this war led to hilarious welcome of MacArthur’s actions whereas Truman was condemned as an appeaser of Communist China and Communist Russia. These two countries up until now involve themselves in the blame game, in relation to nuclear weapons. # 3 The cold war began in 1945 after the end of the World War II. After Americans celebrated their nation’s victories in Asia and Europe, they started ending relations with their wartime ally after the Soviet Union threatened a new and more terrible international conflict (Kennedy et al. 858). According to historical relations of United States and the Soviet Union, there was little hope that these two nations would reach pleasant understandings about the form of the postwar world. Mutual suspicions were antique, abiding, and abundant. Communism in the Soviet Union and capitalism in America facilitated the cold war. The delays of opening up a second fr ont against Germany by America and Britain nourished the skepticism of the Soviet towards the West. America and Britain had also frozen their Soviet ally out of the project of developing atomic weapons, further adding the mistrust. The Washington authorities deteriorated

Marketing Planning and Strategy (Marketing Yourself)2 Assignment

Marketing Planning and Strategy (Marketing Yourself)2 - Assignment Example According to Parrish (2014), marketers always strive to create ‘needs’ for their customers because this strategy can assist marketers to make their products/services absolutely necessary to the targeted market segment. In contrast, consumers try to distinguish between their ‘needs and wants’ so as to make effective utilization of money. I do not think that marketers overlook the target market. Generally marketers develop specific policies and practices to market their products/services to the target market. Hence marketers cannot meet their goals once they fail to focus on the target market. I strongly believe that an exercise was carried out to identify the target market for this course because candidates are required to express their knowledge in marketing profession. I do believe that I will be more marketable on completing this course because it is comprehensive enough to provide me with an in-depth knowledge regarding the marketing profession. Parrish, J. (2014). Creating A Sense Of Urgency: Why Marketing Must Behave Like Sales. Forbes, Sep 1. Retrieved from

Indian Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Indian Religion - Essay Example They comprise of two distinct parts, one is the Brahmanas or the knowledge, which deals with the direct realization of God and the Karma Kanda, which deals rituals and their performance. The Vedas are four in number Rig-Veda, Yajur-Veda, Sama-Veda and Atharva-Veda. No Hindu religious text can be based on anything other than the Vedas; hence, the Puranas or Epics are also based on the authority of the Vedas. In the epics, the Divine Incarnations of God are described. These Divine Incarnations also, followed the precepts of the Vedas implicitly, thereby setting an example to the common man. As such, the Vedas are unchangeable and eternal; nothing can be added to, reduced or changed in them. The Puranas serve to illustrate the injunctions laid down in the Vedas. The very same Brahma Vidyas of the Vedas, or direct methods to realize the Ultimate Reality, are to be found in the Puranas. However, the emphasis in Puranas, as they deal with Divine Incarnations, is on Faith or Bhakti. The Bra hmanas with their emphasis on Brahma Vidyas, are what comprises the Path of Knowledge to realize God. It must be emphasized that Sanatan Dharma has many paths or methods to realize God. It is a highly developed religion and has a very strong base in practical religion. Initially the emphasis was on the Path of Knowledge but over a period of time it was realized that such logical reasoning to arrive at the ultimate truth was not possible for everyone. The path of Bhakti or Faith was found to be uncomplicated and very easy.

BUSINESS ECONOMICS COURSEWORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

BUSINESS ECONOMICS COURSEWORK - Essay Example In this labor contract, wages and benefits are specified. However, Bhagat is free to choose the quantity of labor it employs. Bhagat has announced a $3 price increase for its machine parts. This figure represents the projected $3 increase in labor costs due to its new union contract. It is Gina’s responsibility to evaluate this announcement. Many firms use cost-plus pricing for supply contracts as the changes in cost-plus contracts are more likely to become a responsibility of the purchaser of the product. Thus, fluctuations and volatility of labor costs, price for fuel and other resources are the risks of the purchaser of the product rather than supplier/manufacturer. Cost-plus pricing mitigates the risks of the supplier/manufacturer of the product and therefore, makes him feel more relaxed and less motivated to reduce costs associated with production of the product. Purchaser of the product has to pay for these costs, which incurs increase of the price of the product sold and therefore either decreases his mark up or weakens his competitive position on the market. Personal video recorders (PVRs) are digital video recorders used to record and replay television programs received from cable, satellite, or local broadcasts. But unlike VCRs, which they replace, PVRs offer many more functions, notably the ability to record up to 80 hours of programs and easy programming. A PVR consists of an internal hard disk and micro processor. After the owner installs the hardware, the PVR downloads all upcoming TV schedules to the hardware via a phone or cable connection. Users merely enter the name of the show(s) they want recorded and the system finds the time and channel of the show and automatically records it. Users must subscribe to a cable or satellite system if they wish to record programs off these channels. Besides ease of programming and much larger recording capacity than video tape,

Air legislation - mantenance, planning and organisation Essay

Air legislation - mantenance, planning and organisation - Essay Example The aircraft is capable of rotation along the three axes namely; Pitch ,Roll and Yaw, in addition to a linear motion along the specific air route when in- flight. For any type of movement shown by the aircraft ,the weight of the aircraft must be balanced out to maintain the position of the center of gravity for stability. An air craft can have Lateral center of gravity, Longitudinal center of gravity and even Vertical center of gravity. The most important if these being the Lateral cg, which has a critical role in stabilizing the pitch of the aircraft. Lateral cg is further partitioned into Forward and Aft cg. There are limits to the Fore and Aft cg positioning. If the Fore and Aft cg is out of range the aircraft may pitch uncontrollably up or down during take-off ,flight or landing. For example if the cg is too far forward , the plane is likely to tilt forward or crash The Lateral cg position is to be maintained in order to control and stabilize any unwanted roll movement during any stage of flight. The position of Lateral cg can shift if there is an uneven distribution of fuel in the tanks,or in case of an uneven seating arrangement of passengers in a small aircraft. The Vertical cg position is associated with the stability of the flight along the yaw axis. A shift in the vertical cg can result in yawing motion if not compensated for by the pilot during take-off, flight and landing. The center of gravity is a major factor in the stability of an aircraft in all the phases of flight ; take-off ,cruise / flight and landing. A disturbance in the longitudinal, lateral or vertical cg can upset the movement of the aircraft along either of the three axes ;pitch , roll or

Request for Proposal Essay Example for Free

Request for Proposal Essay Introduction/General Overview of the RFP The Proposal will be aimed at inviting trainers to submit a proposal for the opportunity to train our staff on the use of Microsoft Office through a competitive and rigorous bidding process. Bidding has proved to be the best way to get the best vendors for this form of training since it will leverage the company’s purchasing power and negotiating ability with suppliers (Porter-Roth, 2001). Farmers Insurance Group is the company requesting the proposals. The company is looking for trainers to properly train new employees on the use of Microsoft office Applications proficiently which include Word, Excel, and Power Point Applications. The training will also require some basic training on software and the computers. Organizational Overview For more than eight decades, Farmers has been helping Americans get back where they belong after lifes unexpected events. Our story began with the simple goal of insuring the vehicles of rural farmers, but as the world changed, so did we. Our co-founder John C. Tyler once said, â€Å"The measure of our worth is not what we have done for ourselves, but what we have done for others.† Farmer’s agents, district managers and employees make up what we call the Farmers Family, and as a family we’re proud to give back to our communities. (Farmers.com) Course Description The course will include the basic training of employee’s and staff on the use of Microsoft office programs. Before training the employee’s will take training for the basics on computer software and hardware as well as the basics for computer operations such as hardware maintenance and software installation. Requirements for the Project The project is basically gong to involve the training of new consulting agents in the use of Microsoft Office Programs. The requirements for the course are divided in these units. Introduction to Computer Operations This section will introduce the general operations and concepts in order to make the staff proficient in the use of computers. It will also introduce the staff to general software and hardware. Microsoft Word Proficiency This part of the training will train on the concepts of word processing and finally get into Microsoft Word, which is efficient and effective word processing software. A tutorial may be needed for the students to follow before and after class. The tutorial will include practice exercises, remedial strategies, as well as revision questions. A clear voicing system will also be required for the students to properly communicate well with their instructors (Bott, 1996). Microsoft Excel Proficiency In this unit of training the students will learn the concepts of spreadsheet management with an emphasis on Microsoft Excel. It will also include the software for insurance sales management. There will be a number of assessment test and final examination at the end of the training. There will be a number of practical exercises to help with the mastery of the concepts in the package. Power Point Proficiency This unit of the course will help to equip the students with presentation skills with an emphasis on Microsoft Power Point. The training will include micro-projects for the students to take, which will be aimed at the various aspects of the software. These micro-projects will form the major part of the continuous assessment, with the final examination forming a much smaller percentage (Bott, 1996). Examination and Testing At the end of the training the students will be examined and tested on each course to establish their mastery of the program. Although the Power Point unit will require a digital projector for the final examination. Electronic Reference Library The library will serve as a reference after the training has been completed. The library will include a word search capability and hypertext. User Documentation This section will explain and provide information on use and maintenance, applications and programs, and installation. This will be for the maintenance and installation for the application package suite and the operating system. Proposal Submission Deadline All proposals should be received no later than August 1, 2012. Any proposal received after this date will not be considered. Submission Instructions The proposal should also include a technical section and a time cost section. The time cost section should include the vendor’s time table to have the project completed. The technical section should include information such as required staff, timelines, and schedules to have the project completed.

Foreign workers: Economic and social issues

Foreign workers: Economic and social issues Introduction In Singapore, foreign workers are assets to the workforce because they take up low-skilled jobs which Singaporeans are reluctant to do (National Population and Talent Division, 2013, p. 22). However, foreign workers are ill-treated and their issues include underpayment and undesirable dormitory standards (Chia Zaccheus, 2012). In this essay, besides examining foreign workers’ issues, I will discuss my interest and assumptions about them. Interest and Assumptions I am interested in foreign workers because their public and unruly display of resentment in the recent Little India riot suggests an urgent need to address their issues so that such violent behaviours and their consequences could be prevented in the future. Therefore, foreign workers are selected to have their issues examined in this essay. Naturally, I have two assumptions about foreign workers which are suggested to be true by evidence. The first assumption is most foreign workers belong to the low social class and that is true because their monthly wages ranging from $700 to $1200 (Tan Mokhtar, 2013, para. 15-16) is lower than the $1500 to $5000 range earned by the middle class in Singapore. The next assumption is foreign workers are isolated in Singapore due to the anti-foreigner sentiment. As International Labour Organisation (2013) has surveyed, nearly 60% of Singaporeans perceived foreign workers as threats to Singapore’s culture instead of valued members in the society. Moreover, the growing anti-foreigner sentiment is shown by the strong protests carried out in 2013 to discourage further intake of foreign workers (Goh Mokhtar, 2013). Therefore, foreign workers are highly likely to feel isolated due to the escalating anti-foreigner sentiment. Importance of Addressing the Issues As mentioned earlier, it is important to address foreign workers’ issues to reduce their resentment and prevent their violent behaviours because these behaviours can lead to severe economic and social consequences as shown in the Little India riot in 2013. As a result of the riot, livelihood of 134 businesses in Little India was threatened as they experienced 50% reduction in customers (Lim, 2013, para. 2) and some had 90% loss in revenue (Au, 2013, para. 7). Moreover, the riot disrupted social harmony by intensifying the tension between foreign workers and Singaporeans. After the riot, Singaporeans’ criticism towards the foreign workers was so overwhelming that Acting Minister for Culture, Community and Youth had to step forward to remind Singaporeans to â€Å"keep xenophobia and racial remarks out of the conversation† (Heng, 2013, para. 16). Therefore, as such unruly behaviours threaten social harmony and adversely impact the local economy, it is important to avoid them by reducing foreign workers’ resentment through addressing their issues effectively. To do so, we need to first examine foreign workers’ needs using Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory. Foreign Workers’ Needs and Support Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory classifies needs into basic needs like physiological and safety needs, psychological needs like love and esteem needs and higher level needs like cognitive and self-actualisation needs (Maslow, 1987). Based on the theory, the foreign workers’ physiological needs to get sufficient sleep are not met because their overcrowded and unhygienic dormitories affect their quality of sleep (Chia Zaccheus, 2012, para. 3). Besides, the foreign workers’ safety needs to have the security of jobs are not fulfilled because â€Å"65% of injured and salary-claim workers had been threatened by their employers with premature repatriation† (as cited in Kaur, 2014, p. 9). Furthermore, foreign workers’ esteem needs to be respected by others are not met due to xenophobia in the society (Heng, 2013, para. 16). Currently, various forms of support are available for foreign workers: to address their physiological needs to live in conducive conditions, the scheme of accrediting dormitories was established in 2012 to ensure satisfactory dormitory environments (Grosse Khamid, 2012); to fulfil their safety needs to have the security of jobs, the Employment of Foreign Manpower Act [EFMA] and the help service by Migrant Workers’ Centre [MWC] are in place to stop unreasonable employment practices (Ministry of Manpower, 2013; Migrant Workers’ Centre, 2014); to meet their love needs to have more friends, National Trades Union Congress [NTUC] organises social activities for foreign workers and its advocacy efforts has led to many revisions in the EFMA to better protect foreign workers (National Trades Union Congress, 2010, para. 2-3). Next, to examine the support for foreign workers, Bronfenbrenner’s ecology system theory will be used. Bronfenbrenner’s ecology system theory suggests that individuals’ interactions with their communities and the society can be classified into in five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). In the foreign workers’ context, their microsystem consists of the people whom they interact with the most like their colleagues and roommates; their mesosystem consists of the interactions between the microsystems that they are involved in; their exosystem includes service providers like NTUC and MWC which directly impact the microsystems; and their macrosystem includes law and policies like the EFMA and the scheme of accrediting dormitories which are greatly influenced by the government and the society. After examining, it is clear that the current support mainly addresses the workers’ basic needs and much of the efforts comes from the authorities. Hence, my proposed idea aims to fulfil the workers’ psychological needs by involving the public. Proposed Idea â€Å"Love Across Distance† is an annual event that requires its volunteers to help foreign workers of different nationalities send their photographs and love messages back home and publish the their life stories on Facebook. The recipients of love messages and the types of stories published each year will vary according to the occasion that the event focuses on; if the event focuses on Valentine’s Day, the foreign workers’ valentines will be the recipients of love messages and the stories published will be their love stories. Because the event focuses on a different occasion each year, as years go by, different aspects of foreign workers’ lives will be shared with Singaporeans online to deepen their understanding of foreign workers. For example, weeks before Valentine’s Day, the volunteers will find foreign workers and take polaroids of them holding the flowers which symbolise romance in their culture. Then, the foreign workers will write down their love messages which will be mailed together with their polaroids. Next, the volunteers will ask them questions like â€Å"How did you meet your valentine?†, â€Å"What do you like the most about her?† and â€Å"Is there anything you wish to do for her after working in Singapore?† to find out their love stories. Lastly, permission will be gained to publish the stories online and the foreign workers’ privacy will be protected if they prefer not to have their identities revealed online. The mailing of love messages is to make the foreign workers feel important by involving them in celebrating the joyous occasions. The online sharing of their life stories such as love stories is to arouse Singaporeans’ interest in foreign workers and to increase their awareness that foreign workers are also humans who love and have aspirations for their beloved; hence, they deserve respect and less discrimination. Therefore, this event aims to reduce the barrier between Singaporeans and foreign workers by deepening Singaporeans’ understanding of foreign workers and by diverting their attention from the foreign workers’ unruly behaviours to their hopes and aspirations. This event hopes to reduce stereotypical views towards foreign workers and encourage Singaporeans to create a more inclusive society that makes foreign workers feel at home. Conclusion In conclusion, to maintain Singapore’s social and industrial harmony, it is crucial to address the foreign workers’ basic and psychological needs so that their resentments and unruly behaviours could be prevented. Besides, more efforts are needed from Singaporeans to create an inclusive society which makes the foreign workers feel valued regardless of their social status. It is when Singaporeans and foreign workers unite as one, Singapore can progress socially and economically with peace and stability in today’s competitive world. (1312 words) References Au, Y. (2013, December 22). Business in Little India improving slightly, but still slow. The Straits Times. Retrieved from http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/little-india- riot/story/business-little-india-improving-slightly-still-slow-20131222 Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. United States of America: Harvard University Press. Chia, Y. M., Zaccheus, M. (2012, December 10). Hard life, but foreign workers labour on. AsiaOne. Retrieved from http://news.asiaone.com/print/News/Latest%2BNews/Singap ore/Story/A1Story20121209-388579.html Goh, C. L., Mokhtar, M. (2013, February 16). Large turnout at speakers’ corner for protest against Population White Paper. The Straits Times. Retrieved from http://www.stra itstimes.com/breaking-news/singapore/story/large-turnout-speakers-corner-protest- against-population-white-paper-2 Grosse, S., Khamid, H. M. A. (2012, December 17). Foreign workers’ dormitories could be accredited. Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved from http://www.channelnewsasia.com/ne ws/singapore/foreign-workers-dormitor/530468.html Heng, J. (2013, December 9). Little India riot: political office-holders urge calm in Facebook posts. The Straits Times. Retrieved from http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big- story/little-india-riot/ story/little-india-riot-political-office-holders-urge-calm-faceboo k- International Labour Organisation. (2013). Public attitudes to migrant workers. Migration works. Retrieved from http://migrationworks.org/wp-content/uploads/ILO-study-on- public- attitudes-to-migrant-workers.pdf Kaur, S. (2014). Not the Singapore we know: the Little India riot 2013. Public Management and Leadership. Retrieved from http://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/research-centres/case-studies/ public- management-and-leadership/ Lim, A. (2013, December 19). ‘Little India’ and quieter too. MyPaper. Retrieved from http:// news.asiaone.com/news/singapore/littler-india-and-quieter-too?page=0%2C0 Maslow, A. H. (1987). Motivation and personality. London: Pearson Education Limited. Ministry of Manpower. (2013). Amendments to the Employment of Foreign Manpower Act. Retrieved from http://www.mom.gov.sg/foreign-manpower/amendments-to-the- efma/Pages/default.aspx Migrant Workers’ Centre. (2014). About us. Retrieved from http://www.mwc.org.sg/wps/port al/mwc/home/aboutus/ National Population and Talent Division. (2013). Population white paper: Sustainable population for a dynamic Singapore. Singapore: National Population and Talent Division, Prime Minister’s Office. National Trades Union Congress. (2010). Migrant workers. Retrieved from https://www.ntuc. org.sg/wps/portal/up2/home/aboutntuc/ourwork/programmesandinitiatives/program mesandinitiativesdetails?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/content_library/ntuc/ home/about+ntuc/our+work/programmes+and+initiatives/11cf8780449eba78bda0bf0 1ca0149bf Tan, A., Mokhtar, M. (2013, January 5). Low pay may deter foreign workers. The Straits Times. Retrieved from http://news.asiaone.com/print/News/Latest%2BNews/Singapo re/Story/A1Story20130103-393242.html

History of Modern Psychology: Anna Freud

History of Modern Psychology: Anna Freud Male visionaries dominated in the philosophical contributions to the psychology as a formal discipline; however, many prominent women pioneered major roles in psychology history between 1850 and 1950 (Goodwin, 2005). Freud Sigmund was not only among the Freudian to build credibility in psychology field, this is because Anna Freud-her youngest daughter took career in psychology and made important contributions in the history of psychology. The paper will discuss the background of Anna, her theoretical perspective, and the contributions she made to the field of psychology. Anna’s Background Martha and Sigmund had six children, the youngest was Anna born in December 1895. Anna was a mischievous girl who had great admiration the work of her father (Young-Bruehl, 1988). However, she grew separate from her siblings and her mother. Sigmund Freud reciprocated Anna’s adoration and at one time, he wrote of her stating, â€Å"Anna has turned absolute beautiful through naughtiness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Boeree, 1998, pg 64) Frequently, Anna spoke of her competition feelings against her sister Sophie- the beautiful child of Freud and Anna the brains of Freud family. There was a strained bond between Anna and her mother Martha and the other siblings because their nanny, Jose Cihlarz, took care of them. Anna finished her education at Cottage Lyceum in Vienna in 1912 and was not sure about her future path of career. Anna travelled to Britain in 1914 to grow her English skills but retuned to Vienna after a declaration of war. She got the credentials of teaching and started teaching at her former school. She showed great interest in the field of child psychology after taking much of her time teaching and observing her pupils. Anna decided to abandon being only a teacher to help the children and pursue a career in the footsteps of her father of psychoanalysis. Sigmund developed the interest of Anna in psychology filed at a young age of 14 years when he allowed Anna to read his works and writings about psychoanalysis. In addition, Sigmund began to analyze the dreams on Anna nighttime in 1918, and Anna accompanied her father to the 1920 International Psychoanalytic Congress. Anna met many of Sigmund’s friends and colleagues, including Lou Andreas-Salome, the psychoanalyst. Later on Lou became a confident of Anna. Vienna Psychoanalytic Society accepted Anna as a member after she presented her Daydreams and Beating Fantasies (Young-Bruehl, 1988). Anna kept on attending meetings of psychoanalytic, followed the publications and the works of her father, analyzed patients, and translated papers. Anna had developed her role as an important contributor to the child psychology field when she began her practice in psychoanalysis with young children. Anna taught seminars at Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute and she published her first work, Techni que of Child Analysis. Her father-Sigmund became very ill after he was diagnosed with cancer and went through several surgical operations. Sigmund needed regular nursing to get well. Anna never wanted to leave the side of her father and gave him full-time care of nursing. Nevertheless, Anna managed to continue with her with the children. Unfortunately, Sigmund passed away due to his illness in 1913, almost the same time WWII began (Coles, 1992). Anna followed the footsteps of her father with psychoanalysis, but put her emphasis and focus on improving the techniques of learning children instead of adults. She became fully immersed in designing efficient and effective mechanisms to psychoanalyze children. Modern child psychology and ego psychology still use the techniques developed by Anna (Young-Bruehl, 1988). Theoretical Perspective and Contributions of Anna Anna was the successor of her father with her work and research in child psychology and ego psychology (Coles, 1992). She remained honest to her father’s core ideas and themes of psychodynamic theory even though some of the followers of her father abandoned his beliefs. However, she mainly focused on psyche dynamics instead of psyche structures. Anna wrote and published The Mechanisms of Defense and The Ego that gave a description how defenses work and apparently showed the ego is the observation seat from where people observe and works for the concept and the unconscious and superego, and study deserves in its mandate. Ego psychology usually represents the followers of Anna and Sigmund Freud teachings (Coles, 1992). Present day ego psychology is loyal to Freud’s work with a foundation of psychoanalysis, although it is more ordinary and practical of the ego in the application of psychoanalysis. Anna Freud mentored Erikson Erik, who is popular for his expansion works in ego psychology field and psychoanalysis (Goodwin, 2005). The mentorship of Anna influence Erik professional and academic career in psychology. Anna and Erik when he was tutoring children in Heitzing School managed by Dorothy Burlingham, a longtime friend of Anna. Anna saw the skillful manner of Erikson with the children and showed her interest in guiding Erik to study more regarding child psychology. According to Young-Bruehl, (1988) the main passion of Anna was child psychology. Anna devoted most her energy and time analyzing and studying children suffering traumas, majorly from the effects of the war. Most of the children were predisposed to lasting traumas, while others were blind or handicapped. Anna normally stated that she was happy she did not have her own children, despite the years on her life she devoted to help children she barely knew. Sigmund had focused entirely on adults that sorted through the recollections of childhood instead of current events. The desire of Anna was to work with children suffering from current traumas to prevent any psychological challenges in adulthood (Boeree, 1998). Anna learned children and their own surrounding and became a dependable therapist in dealing with the transference challenges. Reports showed that Anna was a caring adult and was not a substitute guardian, playmate, or parent during the sessions of therapy. The technique of Anna enabled a trusting and stable relationship between the child, the parents, and the therapist (Coles, 1992). The biggest challenge in the cancelling of Anna was communication among the therapist and the children. It is easy for adults to convey their thoughts, beliefs, ideas and emotions verbally whereas young children are inept to act so with accordance. She was unable to use her father’s cure of talking with the children, due to their incapability to verbalize their ideas and thoughts. Children seem to express their feelings and emotions more differently than the adults do. This influenced Anna to develop techniques particularly made to help the children. Anna Freud had the responsibility of putting up a war nursery at Hampstead Child Therapy Clinic. She and Dorothy Burlingham run the clinic and motivated the children at the nursery to create attachments to manage war trauma. Working hand in hand with the children influenced her to publish many studies and research concerning children in stress during wartime, such as, Infants without Families, War and Children, and Young Children in Wartime (Boeree, 1998). She was able to improve her observation of parental deficiency in young children during traumatic period when orphans from concentration camps were put in Bulldogs Bank home (Boeree, 1998). Anna reported, analyzed and observed her outcomes in an experiment in a group upbringing that gave report of the children’s natural capabilities to create close relations with peers as a substitute of parents. In 1945, Hampstead nursery closed due to the end of the war. Shortly after this closure, Hampstead Child Therapy Clinic and Course opened under Anna’s management. The clinic offered analytic therapy, counseling, and a training in child treatment and analysis (Coles, 1992). The clinic became largest and comprehensive facility devoted the worlds to the treatment and analysis of children. Anna worked as the director, consultant and training analyst of the clinic from 1952 until her passing in 1982. New York Times gave a quote by Anna about her significant work with the children: I begun as a teacher of an elementary school. I changed from teaching to child analysis field. Henceforth, I moved continually back and forth, from the theoretical research of these challenges to their application practically. It is a fact that a person can have special luck to do this, and that many people don not have this luck (Goodwin, 2005). Conclusion Freud Anna was born 1895 and passed 1982 (Young-Bruehl, 1988). In those years, Anna made important contributions in the psychology field. Her professional and academic career shows her leaps and bounds in comprehending the nature of humans, mental processes, emotions and behaviors in present psychology (Coles, 1992). She endured being called Sigmund daughter to become a prominent female psychologist in a field and period where the men dominated publications and research. Anna is a true successor of her father and influenced the psychology field as a formal discipline with innovative therapeutic and observation techniques. The works of Anna are historical and worthy discussion, despite of some modern day psychologist agreeing or disagreeing with any of the Freudian perspectives. References Boeree, G. C. (1998). Anna Freud. Personality Theories. Retrieved from http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/annafreud.html Coles, Robert (1992). Anna Freud: The dream of psychoanalysis. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Goodwin, C. J. (2005). A history of modern psychology (2nd Ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Young-Bruehl, E. (1988).Anna Freud: A biography. New York: Summit Books

Following A Dream Toward Freedom :: essays research papers

Following A Dream Toward Freedom Freedom was and still is the dream of every American. Freedom is defined as the liberty of choice or action, self-determination of rational beings, the right to enjoy privileges of membership or citizenship, and independence. The natural rights of all men have been stated as "life, liberty, and the puruit of happiness." In order for freedom to exist, people must take on the responsibility to pursue and maintain their dream. The dream of freedom requires people to take responsibility to govern themselves in a way in which freedom can succeed without chaos. Civilizations have used governmental law and social rules to regulate their citizens. People must maintain a direct hold on their government and society through their laws and social structure, allowing for each individual within their citizenship to keep their own identity while participating in the civilization as a whole. When people take on the responsibility of their citizenship and follow the laws and rules founded for them, freedom is allowed to work for everyone. "In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms," stated Franklin Roosevelt in his 1941 President's Annual Address to Congress. "The first is freedom of speech and expression-everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way-everywhere in the world. The third is freedom want-which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants- everywhere in the world. The forth is freedom from fear-which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a through fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggrestion against any neighbor-anywhere in the world," stated President Roosevelt. The first Americans followed their dream toward freedom by coming to America and founding the colonies which have evoled into the cities and towns present to this day. The officers and soldiers of our great country followed their dream toward freedom by fighting and sacrificing their lives for the

World War 2 and the Superpower Nation :: essays research papers

The Second World War gave rise to a multitude of new ideas which changed the course of modern society, the idea which has had the greatest impact on the world as a whole is the concept of the superpower nation. To be a superpower, a nation needs to have a strong economy, an overpowering military, immense international political power, and related to this, a strong national ideology. It was this war (WWII), and its results that spawned the formation of superpowers and lead them to experience such a preponderance of power. To understand how the Second World War impacted birth of superpowers it is important to first understand and examine the causes of the war. The United States gained its strength in world affairs from its status as an economic power and as a heavily industrialized nation. In the years preceding the war and the Great Depression, America was the world's largest producer and arguably had the strongest and most stable economy. In the USSR at the same time, Stalin was implementing his 'five year plans' to modernize the Soviet economy. From these situations, similar foreign policies resulted from widely divergent origins. Roosevelt's isolationism emerged from the wide and prevalent domestic desire to remain neutral in any international conflicts. It was widely believed that America entered the First World War simply in order to save its industry's capitalist investments in Europe. Whether this is the case or not, Roosevelt was forced to work with an inherently isolationist Congress, only expanding its horizons after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. He signed the Neutrality Act of 1935, making it illegal for the United States to ship arms to the belligerent governments of any conflict. The act also stated that belligerent nations could buy only non-armaments from the US, and even these were only to be bought with cash. In contrast, Stalin was by necessity interested in European affairs, but only to the point of concern to the USSR. Russian foreign policy was fundamentally Leninist in its concern to keep the USSR out of war. Stalin wanted to consolidate Communist power and modernize the country's industr y. The Soviet Union was committed to collective action for peace, as long as that commitment did not mean that the Soviet Union would take a brunt of a Nazi attack as a result. Examples of this can be seen in the Soviet Unions' attempts to achieve a mutual assistance treaty with Britain and France.

Succubus Shadows Chapter 22

I wandered into the hotel, still a bit stunned by the situation I found myself in. Seth was†¦in Mexico. Presuming Jerome was holding true to his bargain, of course. I had to believe he was, but the question was if he'd actually sent me near Seth. That was a wording in my request that could be blurred a little. Glancing up at the hotel, I hoped Jerome's minions had gone as far as to search local hotels for Seth's name when they tracked the plane ticket. With a quick smile to the man who'd helped me, I headed toward the hotel's entrance. In a place that catered to so many tourists, plenty of the staff spoke English, not that it mattered much to me. I went to the front desk, asking if they had a guest named Seth Mortensen. The woman working there looked it up, and when she found him in their computer, I caught my breath. He was here. I'd really found him. Well, kind of. When I asked her for his room number, she told me the hotel couldn't disclose that information. She could, however, connect me to his room. I hesitated before accepting. If Seth truly didn't want to be found, he might change his hotel or even city once he knew I'd located him. Still, I didn't necessarily have any other way to get in touch, so I let the woman connect me. It did no good. There was no answer. Thanking her, I headed out to the back of the resort, figuring I'd walk off my frustration and hopefully clear my thoughts as I determined my next course of action. The pool and beach stretching out behind the building were intended for guests only, but it was easy enough to slip past security. I even took the opportunity, when briefly alone in a hall, to shape-shift into more appropriate clothing: a red bikini and sarong. Outside, the heat hit me once again, and I paused, letting the sun soak into me. The time zone wasn't far off from Seattle's here, but even in early evening, the temperature was intense – which I loved. Beyond the pool and its bars, I could see a stretch of soft golden sand curving around blue, blue water. Still not as vivid as what I'd grown up with, but beautiful nonetheless. Lounge chairs and cabanas were scattered along the beach as sunseekers tried to grasp the last of the day's rays. I walked toward it, hoping to find a chair of my own and maybe a mai tai. If I wasn't going to find Seth right away, I might as well – There he was. I came to an abrupt halt, nearly causing a young, giggling couple to walk into me and spill their drinks. I couldn't believe it. God might work in mysterious ways, but Hell worked in efficient ones. I murmured apologies to the couple and started toward Seth, stopping again after a few more steps. What would I do? What would I say? Seth had broken an engagement and fled from everyone he knew. Now, here I was, intruding on his escape. I'd run through a few mental scenarios but hadn't decided on anything concrete. With a deep breath, I decided to just push forward and wing it. I came up behind his chair, my shadow falling over him as I grew closer. He lay sprawled out in shorts and a Tootsie Pops T-shirt. A drink that looked suspiciously alcoholic sat by his side, and he was reading a book whose cover I couldn't see from this angle. Once more, I halted, confused over how I felt. â€Å"The perfume,† he said without warning. â€Å"Even out here, I can smell it. I'd know you anywhere. Tuberose and incense.† I walked around, coming to stand off to his right side. I put my hands on my hips. â€Å"You don't seem surprised to see me.† He took off his sunglasses and studied me, one of those small, amused smiles on his face. â€Å"I am†¦and I'm not. I thought I did a good job of disappearing. But I knew if anyone did find me, it would be you.† â€Å"Because I'm well connected?† â€Å"Because you're you.† Searching for a clear spot of sand, I lowered myself to sit, but Seth scooted over on his lounge chair and indicated the space beside him. Hesitating only a moment, I sat next to where he lay, looking over him as our legs touched. He reached for his drink – a peach-colored monstrosity with enough sliced fruit for a salad in it – and took a sip. â€Å"What's that?† I asked. â€Å"They call it el Chupacabra.† â€Å"They do not.† â€Å"They do. I think it's got about fifty kinds of vodka in it. You'd like it.† â€Å"I'm surprised you like it.† â€Å"If you're going to become a villain, you might as well go the whole way,† he replied, gesturing for a waiter to bring another drink. â€Å"You're not a villain,† I said softly. â€Å"Yeah? Is that what they're saying back home?† I glanced away and watched small waves break on the shore. â€Å"I haven't really talked to that many people. Mostly your family is worried.† â€Å"You've neatly dodged the question.† â€Å"Do you want to talk about it?† I turned back to him. He gave a small shrug. â€Å"What's there to say? I broke her heart. I broke your heart. I don't think someone like me is meant to be in relationships.† â€Å"That's ridiculous. You're not the one who sucks people's souls away.† â€Å"Depends how literally you take the metaphor.† â€Å"Seth, stop. Stop making a joke out of this. Why'd you do it?† â€Å"You have to ask?† The new drink arrived remarkably fast, and he handed it to me. He was right. It did taste like it had fifty kinds of vodka. â€Å"I didn't feel it. Not the way I should. You know that.† I did, and I was surprised at the frank and honest nature of our conversation. We hadn't had anything like this†¦well, not since we were dating. It had all been awkwardness and guarded feelings since things fell apart. â€Å"But why now?† It was his turn to look away, gazing off at the postcard view without seeing it. The sunlight hadn't quite turned orange yet, but it was bringing out the copper in his hair and amber of his eyes. I stared at him, taking it all in, hardly noticing how long it took him to answer. â€Å"Georgina,† he said at last, eyes still elsewhere. â€Å"When I ended things with us at Christmas†¦I did it so I wouldn't hurt you someday. And, I suppose, so you didn't hurt me. I went to Maddie for the wrong reasons then, but it didn't seem so bad since I actually cared about her – I mean, aside from the fact you had to live with it in front of you every day. I never meant for that part to happen.† â€Å"It's okay,† I said automatically, hating the sadness in his voice. â€Å"I don't – â€Å" â€Å"Shh,† he said, holding up a hand. â€Å"I'll actually talk for once, so you better let me before I lose the nerve.† I smiled – though none of this was all that funny – and nodded. â€Å"Anyway, I wish I'd chosen someone I didn't like or respect. It would have made things simpler. But as time went on, I found myself growing closer to her – but not farther from you. My plan wasn't working. I was only hurting the two of us more and more. Maybe I should have disappeared then.† I bit my lip on any comments. â€Å"The only one who wasn't hurting was Maddie – because we were keeping her in the dark. And after you and me†¦well, you know. After we were together, I felt so horrible†¦so guilty†¦I hated myself for what I'd done to her. I wanted desperately for one person to come out of this happy. I wanted her to stay in blissful ignorance. I wanted to make it up to her.† I'd deduced as much. And I also knew about the guilt†¦the guilt from the sin that had left a stain on his soul. Seth didn't know about that part and probably shouldn't ever. â€Å"But whatever happiness I could give her wasn't real,† he continued. â€Å"And I realized that the other day when we were at Erik's, and I†¦hell, Georgina. I don't really know what happened or even what I saw. There are only two things I'm sure about. One was that when Jerome came and said he needed me to come with him to help you, I did. If he'd said he had to take me to Hell itself, I would have.† I closed my eyes. â€Å"Seth – â€Å" â€Å"And when I was there and Erik sent me wherever he did, I felt†¦well, it was beyond anything I'd experienced. At first, I was so confused and disoriented. I didn't get what they were saying about finding you. It seemed surreal. Then, it was the easiest thing in the world. I just looked for you, and there you were. In all that space and all that chaos, reaching you was like looking into myself. We were so close†¦it defied physics and every rule of nature I knew. It didn't seem real that I could be together with anyone like that. â€Å"And when it was over, it's like I said – I wasn't sure what I'd just been a part of. But I knew that I had never experienced any bond like that with any other woman. Maybe you're the only one, maybe there's another†¦but regardless, I didn't have it with Maddie. She's amazing. I do love her. But in that situation again? I would never find her. And I knew it wasn't fair to lead her into a life without that connection. You and I†¦I don't understand what's between us, but I'd rather spend my life alone than with someone who isn't you.† He fell silent, and it was one of those weird times where I had no quick response. Instead, I linked my hand with his and stretched alongside him in the place he'd made on the chair, resting my head on his chest. He placed his hand on my shoulder, his fingers pressing into my skin to make sure I stayed. His heart beat against my ear. â€Å"How's this going to end?† I asked bleakly. â€Å"I†¦don't know, any more than I know how Cady and O'Neill are going to end.† He sighed. â€Å"I have a feeling I will be alone. In spite of everything that's changed between us, nothing's actually changed.† â€Å"I†¦I don't know.† Again, my clever words were gone, but he was right. A lifetime seemed to have passed since we had split up, but all the same problems were still there. I might wax poetic about the universal connection of our souls, but it could never be matched physically, not so long as I refused him that. And mortality†¦always there was mortality beating down upon us. Seth wouldn't live forever, and that knowledge – figuratively speaking – killed me. Which reminded me of something. I lifted my head and propped myself onto him so that my hair hung around us as I looked down at his face. â€Å"When are you coming home?† He brushed some of the hair away, tucking it behind my ear. It came loose again. â€Å"Who said I'm coming home?† â€Å"Don't joke. You have to.† â€Å"I'm not joking. Do you think I can go back there? I can't see Maddie†¦. I can't stand to see what I've done to her.† â€Å"You don't have to see her,† I said. â€Å"Don't go to the store. People break up all the time and don't have to move.† Seth shook his head. â€Å"Yeah, but with my luck, we'd still run into each other. At a movie. A restaurant. Something. I'm a coward, Georgina. I don't want to see her†¦not after†¦well, you didn't see her face when I told her.† â€Å"I saw her face afterward,† I said. â€Å"It was probably close enough. I can't believe you're seriously saying you'd never come back to Seattle just to avoid her.† â€Å"She's not the only one I'd be avoiding.† Again, he tried to tuck the unruly hair back. When he failed again, he simply slid his hand down my arm, tracing its curves with his fingertips. â€Å"I don't think I can handle seeing you either. Even being with you now†¦it's like the best thing in the world and the worst. Seeing you all the time would just drive home how we can't be together – and we would see each other all the time, you know. If I've learned anything, it's that fate doesn't let you and me stay apart for long.† Seth's words were such an odd contradiction. On one side, they were all filled with love and romantic sentiment about how agonizing his life was without me. Yet†¦there was more than just that. There was a defeatist attitude throughout it all, one I'd never seen in him before. Somewhere in all of this, Seth had gained a new bitterness, and I had the uneasy thought that if I could see his soul like Hugh could, the stain of sin would be even darker than before. I made one more attempt. â€Å"Pull me out of the equation. You have to go back for your family. They need you. Andrea's sick.† â€Å"Everyone gets sick. That's not a convincing argument.† â€Å"No†¦you don't understand. They didn't tell you. She doesn't have the flu†¦she's got cancer.† That got a reaction. His expression went rigid. â€Å"No, she doesn't.† â€Å"She does. Brandy told me.† â€Å"She must have been confused,† he said adamantly. â€Å"They would have told me.† â€Å"I don't think she'd mistake ‘cold' for ‘ovarian cancer.' And do you think she'd make something like that up?† He considered a moment. â€Å"No, no, she wouldn't. But why didn't they say anything?† â€Å"I guess they didn't tell anyone so they could find out more. Don't you see?† I leaned closer, hoping to drive home my plea. â€Å"They need you. You have to go home for them.† For a moment, I thought I had him, and then he slowly shook his head. â€Å"They'll be fine without me. And you said yourself they're waiting to find out more. It might not be that bad.† â€Å"Seth! It's cancer. It's going to be some level of bad, regardless. How can you abandon them?† â€Å"Damn it,† he said, about as angry as I ever saw him – which always came off pretty mild. â€Å"I don't need a moral angel on my shoulder right now. Just let me†¦just let me be selfish for once. I want to just be away from it all. I want to hide from my problems for once, instead of always being the responsible one. If you're just here to torment me with what can or can't be, then you should just†¦you should just go. Let me hide out and be free. Let me write the new series and forget about everything else.† It was almost a mirror of what I'd done so long ago. Only, instead of trying to forget my problems, I made everyone forget me. Sometimes, I kind of wished I added that last part to the bargain. Consequently, I could understand where he was coming from. I could understand that longing to just make all the bad things disappear. I'd wanted it too. I'd made it happen. The thing was, I'd expected more from him than from me. Sensing my hesitation, he cupped my face between his hands and drew me down into a small kiss. I drew back and stared in astonishment. â€Å"What was that?† I asked. â€Å"I might ultimately be trying to avoid you, but if I've got you now, I might as well enjoy it for the moment.† There was a wicked gleam in his eyes, one I couldn't help but smile at, despite all the misgivings within me. â€Å"You're a hypocrite,† I said. â€Å"An opportunist,† he countered. â€Å"What are you really doing here, Georgina? What do you want?† I lowered my gaze. I didn't know. I didn't know why I was here. I'd come to make sure he was okay†¦but then what? I was always going back and forth. I loved him. I had to forget him. Back and forth. â€Å"I don't know,† I admitted. â€Å"That's the best I've got.† And with no more deliberation, I kissed him again, longer this time, surprised at how easy it was to fall back into the kinds of kisses we used to do – the ones that just pushed the envelope of when I started to take his energy. He seemed like he was ready to go further, so I was the one who stopped him and returned to lying against him as we watched the sun sink down and paint the sky with brilliant colors. He gave no protest, seeming content just to have me close. We ate dinner inside one of the resort's restaurants, my lack of packing not being a problem with shape-shifting. I pulled out a sexy v-cut evening dress whose violet shade reminded me of our first meeting. And as we talked and drank over dinner, our conversation slipped into the funny, comfortable manner we'd always shared. With Maddie removed from the equation, it was exactly as he'd said: so much had changed yet not changed. The rapport, the connection†¦it all burned between us – as did the sexual tension while we studied each other intently through the effortless conversation. He came alive more than I'd seen him in a while, but whether that was from the drinks or his freedom, I couldn't say. Though my heart sang at finally being with him again, I was still battered with a million doubts. He'd told me to push them aside, but it was hard. Maddie. His underlying pessimism. His desire for escape. His family. My own selfishness. But when we finished dinner, all such worries fled. As soon as we were back in his room – a wide and spacious suite that looked out to the now-dark water – we were all over each other. The longing that had built up between us exploded. His hands undid the zipper of my dress, peeling it from my body. We fell onto the bed, and I tore at his shorts, reason and responsibility nonexistent. His hands ran the length of my body, down the sides of my hips while his mouth moved from my collarbone to the spot between my breasts and then finally onto one of the breasts and its hardened nipple. I was prying off his pants when I felt the glow of life energy start to creep into me. For a few moments, I was able to ignore its implications. I just wanted him. I wanted to feel what I'd felt months ago when his body had been in mine and I'd had that sense of perfect union. The life energy was an aphrodisiac, enhancing the desire my physical body felt. Maybe it was a kneejerk reaction from the days of dating, but once more, I was the one who had to stop it all. I put some distance between us, though we were still intertwined. â€Å"Okay,† I said, my heart pounding in my chest. â€Å"We're about to cross the line.† There was lust in Seth's eyes. Lust and love and that same burning need I had to reach ultimate completion. â€Å"We crossed it a little, didn't we?† he asked breathlessly. â€Å"I felt it.† â€Å"Yeah,† I admitted. â€Å"Not much.† Not much is too much. He frowned a little, his hand still running over my leg. So, so dangerous. A little more and we would teeter over the edge again. â€Å"I've felt it before,† he said. â€Å"When you started to take some of me. Just a vague sense, but it was there. Somehow†¦somehow, it didn't seem quite as bad this time.† He was right, and that was because of that slight darkening on his soul. Sure, he was nowhere near as bad as a lot of Hell-bound people, but even that slight mark made a difference. I could feel it. Before, he'd been pristine and pure, all sparking silver and undiluted life. Most of it was still there†¦save that slight shadow, a shadow that I suspected was increasing the more he decided to turn his back on the people in his life. And the darker a soul was, the less of it I took. â€Å"You're right.† I didn't bother getting into the technicalities. â€Å"But it'd still be bad.† â€Å"Too bad to risk just one time?† An old argument. â€Å"What happened to you giving me up?† â€Å"I will if I have to. I was ready to. But that was before you came here†¦you still haven't told me why, what you want. I'd do it again. I'd be together again, but no more physical boundaries.† He cut off my protests. â€Å"I know, I know the risks. And I know – as should you – that what's between us is about more than sex. But that was still a thorn, no matter how much we knew it shouldn't be. I don't want anything like that happening again. I'll take the risk. It's my choice.† â€Å"I – I don't know. I just don't†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Well, that's better than ‘I can't.'† He chuckled. He moved closer, his lips just brushing mine. â€Å"And if you decide no, then that's how it'll be. But maybe†¦maybe just this once we could†¦maybe just once you could give in†¦.† I closed my eyes as his lips pressed against mine once more, harder this time, and our bodies moved back together. Again, he was right. I could almost give in this time. I'd been through too much recently, so much emotional and spiritual upheaval. Being with him felt like the most natural thing in the world right now†¦but my warning alarms were still going off. If I shortened his life with a dark soul, he'd be that much closer to Hell. â€Å"No,† I said at last. It was growing more difficult to keep pulling back. â€Å"I still can't. Not yet. I'm not saying never†¦I just. I'm so confused. I'm sorry.† He looked disappointed, but to my relief, he didn't push the issue again. I might not have been able to resist if he did. â€Å"But you'll stay? You'll stay the night with me at least?† I nodded. â€Å"I can stay for three days.† â€Å"Three days. That's perfect. I can handle that. Three more days to think about it all. If we can stay together†¦then we will. If we can't, then I'll be alone until there's another Georgina.† His wry tone indicated his doubts about that. â€Å"For now, this is enough.† We lounged in each other's arms naked after that, miraculously managing to keep things from escalating. Of course, it was a skill we'd perfected while dating, so we fell into it naturally – though also reluctantly. We stayed up talking for a long time, as though we hadn't seen each other for years and had a lifetime to catch up on. Which really wasn't that far from the truth. At last, he slept, but I was restless. I watched his peaceful breathing in the darkness, his sleep heavy from the drinks. His skin was warm against mine, and I felt safer than I had in a while. Three days. We'd have these three days, and for a little longer, I could pretend he was mine again, just like he used to be. If I chose, I could even make this permanent. I'd told him I'd think about it. The one problem with it all was that things weren't like they used to be. The dream replayed in my head, the dream that might have been a lie. Seth had been the man in the dream, the one I could have been with if what the Oneroi had showed me was true. But was this Seth lying in my arms the man in the dream? The one I'd dreamed of had been infinitely kind and good – the one I'd fallen in love with. The real Seth had changed – gradually, yes†¦but the change was there. It was wrong of me to judge, seeing as part of the change over the last year had been a result of me in his life. Yet, once more, that selfish part inside me thought he should have resisted. I'd fallen for Seth because of his moral character, something that always attracted me to a man. Ironic and possibly hypocritical for a servant of Hell. I still loved Seth, still felt that connection, but things were off now. This bitterness, this attitude that made him want to lock himself away in easy, selfish retreat was not what I'd expected of him. I'd expected more. I didn't want to lose him. I wanted these last few days with him. I wanted forever with him, but if I stayed, I'd be furthering this attitude I hated. I'd encourage the darkness to build within him. I didn't want to see it. And as much as I loved him and yearned to cling to a few more moments with him, I realized staying with this Seth who disappointed me so much was a bad idea. Seth had said he'd rather be alone than be with the wrong woman. I'd rather be apart from him than see him like this. I wanted my memories of him to stay pure. And so, though it broke my heart, I untangled myself from him. In his heavy sleep, he didn't stir. Again, the hypocrisy wasn't lost on me. I'd tried so many times to coax him into one drink, and now I looked down on him for using cocktails as a way to dull the pain. How stupid, I thought, that his darkened soul made it easier for us to finally be together†¦and yet, for my heart, it made it impossible. I shape-shifted into jeans and a light tank top and found some hotel stationery. On it, I scrawled: Seth, I'm sorry – but I have to leave. I told you I'd consider everything, but I was wrong. I love you too much to stay. Cryptic much? A meager way to express all those feelings, but somehow, I suspected he'd understand. He knew me. I left it on the bedside table and then watched him for a few moments, admiring the man I loved and always would. Finally, my eyes wet, I turned away and left the room to catch a taxi to the airport.

Education Essays – Egypt Education System

Egypt Education SystemThe extension of the free compulsory instruction jurisprudence in 1981 was one of the grounds to unite the Preparatory Stage, both Primary and Preparatory stages ( Ages 6 through 14 ) together under the label Basic Education, as instruction beyond this phase depends on the pupil ‘s ability. Egypt operates two corresponding instruction systems: the secular system and the spiritual, or Al-Azhar system. The secular system consists of basic instruction which covers the first 8 eight old ages of schooling. The 2nd degree divides pupils between three-year general academic secondary schools and three or five-year vocational schools, as there are three different types of secondary instruction which are general, proficient, and vocational Technical instruction. These types of instruction are provided in three-year and five-year plans, and include schools in three different Fieldss: industrial, commercial and agricultural. The 3rd degree is universities. The Al-Azhar system, which maintains separate installations for male and female from primary to university degree, enrolls 4 per centum of the country’s entire pupils, and is responsible for conveying the mission of Islam and uncovering its part to humanity’s public assistance and advancement. In this system, primary school extends over the first 6 old ages, and preparative school for the following three old ages. Students who successfully complete 4 old ages of secondary school can inscribe at Al-Azhar University.2 Al-Azhar University, which is considered to be the bastion of Islamic cognition in Egypt, was founded in AD 970. There are two sorts of authorities schools in Egypt which are Arabic Schools and Experimental Language Schools. Arabic Schools provide the governmental national course of study in the Arabic Language ; nevertheless, experimental Language Schools teach most of the authorities course of study in English, and add Gallic as a 2nd foreign linguistic communication. Furthermore, there are three sorts of private schools. As Government schools, private schools besides has different types such as ordinary schools, linguistic communication schools, and spiritual schools. First, Ordinary schools have the same manner of instruction of the authorities schools with more concentration on the pupils want and services provided to them. Second, linguistic communication schools have the same educational stuffs as the authorities with the exclusion that all those stuffs are taught in different linguistic communications ; this is beside the high fees those schools requires. The 3rd type of private instruction is spiritual that are established or controlled by Muslim Brotherhood. Their educational course of study is wholly unlike the authorities and Azhar schools. Private schools on Egypt are considered the best instruction because of high and assorted installations offered by those schools. This educational system is supervises by the ministry of instruction However, the Azhar instruction system is supervised by the Supreme Council of the Al-Azhar Institution and considered to be independent from the Ministry of Education, but is finally under supervising by the Egyptian Prime Minister. The Azhar schools are named â€Å" Institutes † and besides portion the same phases as the normal educational system which both include primary, preparatory, and secondary instruction. The Azhar schools in all stages teach non-religious topics, to a certain grade ; nevertheless, the bulk of the course of study consists of spiritual topics. All the pupils are Muslims, and males and females are separated in all stages. The Azhar schools are spread all over the state, but overly in rural countries. The alumnuss of the Azhar secondary schools are eligible to go on their surveies merely at the Al-Azhar University. In the early 2000s, the Azhar schools accounted for less than 4 % of the entire registration. There are both private and public universities of higher instruction in Egypt. The difference between them is that Public higher instruction is free in Egypt, and Egyptian pupils merely pay enrollment fees, but Private instruction is much more expensive and is considered to b for the elite, as alumnuss of such schools by and large do really good on their concluding secondary school scrutinies, which ensures them entree to what are considered as elect modules. Presently 98 per centum of alumnuss from secondary schools enter higher instruction. The higher instruction sector in Egypt is comprised of universities and establishments of proficient and professional preparation. The system is made up of 12 public universities, 51public non-university establishments, and 4 private ( for net income ) universities. In May 2000, there were 18 pending applications to open extra private for net income higher instruction establishments. Of the 51 non-university establishments, 47 are biennial in-between proficient institutes ( MTI ) , and 4 are four or five-year higher proficient institutes ( World Bank, 2000:1 ) . The major public universities are Cairo University ( 100,000 pupils ) , Alexandria University, Ain Shams University, and the 1,000-year-old Al-Azhar University. While the American University in Cairo, the German University in Cairo and the Universite Francaise d'Egypte is of the taking private universities in Egypt. Entry into the secular university system is based on the consequences of the Secondary Educational stage. Harmonizing to the article â€Å"Egypt, † â€Å"only pupils go toing general academic secondary schools were eligible to matriculate ; nevertheless since 1970 universities have been inscribing some pupils from vocational schools. The Placement Bureau of the Ministry of Higher Education controls admittance, and there is alegion clausesimposed by the Supreme Council of Universities ( SCU ) on admittance at institutional and province levels† . Al-Azhar University system, unlike other systems, requires certain certifications like a Secondary School Certificate from the Al-Azhar instruction system and a Certificate of Koran Recitation from a Koran Recitation Institute or keep an Al-Azhar sheepskin. Non-university instruction is offered by industrial, commercial, and proficient institutes which provide 2-year classs taking to diplomas in accounting, secretarial work, insurance, computing machine or wellness scientific disciplines and electronics. Technical instruction schools provide 5-year classs taking to progress proficient instruction sheepskin in commercial, industrial, and agricultural Fieldss. Although the American University in Cairo ( AUC ) has existed since 1919 as a private university, Egypt merely legalized Egyptian private universities in 1992 when the People’s Assembly passed a Law # 101 leting the constitution of private universities. The most indispensable consideration is that the Minister for Education must O.K. the assignment of private university, as presidents, and non-Egyptians can non busy taking places in private universities without the ministry’s blessing. The 2nd critical facet is that the Supreme Council of Universities indirectly supervises private universities and is responsible for monitoring criterions to guarantee that graduation certifications from province and private universities represent an equal instruction degree compared with the governmental certifications. â€Å"In May 2002, the private universities’ commission was replaced with theprivateuniversities’ council.The council has the same powers as the Supreme Council of Universities, which regulates public universities.† Many Peoples assume that private higher instruction establishments in Egypt are s establishments that â€Å"sell†grades to those who can afford the university expanses. Critics of private higher instruction in Egypt besides argue that private higher instruction is at odds with the rules of the1952 Revolution, which called for equal entree to educational chances for all citizens. Egypt is considered the state that has the largest higher instruction systems in the 3rd universe as it contains about 1.670 million pupils. Egypt relies in its instruction on biennial proficient institutes to go on supplying entree to all secondary school alumnuss while protecting the already overfed universities. Technical institutes enroll 40 per centum of all secondary school alumnuss. This deficiency of fiscal, human, and material resources consequences in hapless quality instruction in most universities and is considered by many people as non academic establishment. The figure of higher instruction pupils per 100,000 dwellers is 1,900 in Egypt compared to 1,132 in Morocco ; 1,236 in Algeria ; and 1,253 in Tunisia. Surveies on the societal category and educational backgrounds of province university pupils have revealed inequalities of entree to what are considered as high status/elite modules. To better the educational system in Egypt administration and control of higher instruction should be obtained by the Ministry of Higher Education, the Supreme Council of Universities ( SCU ) , and the Central Administration of Al-Azhar Institutes. The Ministry of Higher Education has a legal authorization over higher instruction by oversing and commanding the instruction, planning, policy devising, and quality control on primary and preparative schools and developing for basic instruction for instructors. The Supreme Council of Universities formulates is the 1 responsible for policy devising and decision making or commanding the figure of pupils to be admitted to each module in each university. Furthermore, supervising and disposal of the Al-Azhar higher instruction system is the duty of theCardinal Administration of Al-Azhar Institutes, which is a section of the Supreme Council of Al-Azhar that is responsible for the development of the general policy and planning to enable the spread of Islamic civilization and Arabic linguistic communication. In official discourse, instruction in Egypt is â€Å"free† from basic to higher instruction. While officially the province is responsible for funding higher instruction in Egypt, the state’s portion of higher instruction finance for universities was reduced to 85 per centum in 1994-1995, go forthing the universities to bring forth the staying 15 per centum through assorted gross variegation schemes. Sanyal ( 1998:16 ) , and the World Bank ( 2000:40-41 ) place the undermentioned gross variegation schemes adopted by Egyptian universities: ( a ) Charging nominal tuition fees for alternate academic plans that are perceived to be of high quality and presenting other relevant fees. For illustration, province universities have introduced foreign linguistic communication plans for which they charge tuition. Some public universities charge ?E1,000 as tuition for a degree plan in Commerce which uses English as a medium of direction. The figure of appliers in some degree plans in public universities exceeds available infinites, a phenomenon which gives room for universities to bear down tuition. While the tuition charged in this instance is still merely about 33 per centum of the existent cost of the plan, this agreement sets a case in point towards cost recovery in public establishments ( World Bank, 2002:40 ) . Besides, in recent old ages, a new system of admittance to the modules of Law, Commerce, and Humanistic disciplines allows a less qualified pupil to obtain a topographic point on paying an admittance fee of ?E 360 ( Sanyal, op cit ) . The impact of this pattern on the quality has been negative as manifested by a high figure of reiterating pupils in universities. Egyptian pupils pay between ?E30-?E150 per twelvemonth as a nominal tuition fee in authorities funded universities. In add-on, they besides pay necessary equipment, books, transit, and abode fees. The pattern of bear downing nominal tuition fees in Egyptian public universities goes as far back as 1924 when the Egyptian University ( now Cairo University ) started bear downing ?E30 per twelvemonth for all modules with the exclusion of the pharmacological medicine section that charged ?E20 per twelvemonth. This university besides imposed a non-refundable scrutiny fee of ?E1.16 Tuition fee in private universities range from E15,000-25,000. The American University in Cairo-the oldest private university in Egypt, charges a tuition fee of US $ 2,813 for 6 credits and US $ 469 for each extra recognition. ( B ) Income coevals by specialised university centres from: ( 1 ) Cooperation with industry ; ( 2 ) Patent rights ; ( 3 ) Provision of go oning instruction to industrial employees ; ( 4 ) Entree to research lab and scientific equipment ; ( 5 ) Manufacturing intermediate industrial merchandises ; In add-on, In 1998, theInternational Finance Corporation ( IFC) conducted an extended feasibleness survey onthe market for pupil loans in post-secondary instruction in Egypt.This survey recommendedagainstestablishing a pupil loan plan due to the undermentioned grounds: ( a ) limited market size ; ( B ) underdeveloped debt/credit market ; ( degree Celsius ) cultural attitude uncomfortable with personal debt and loans ; and ( vitamin D ) deficiency of a consumer recognition bureau ( World Bank, 2000 op cit: 41 ) . As a consequence of the above recommendations, the Egyptian Government by 2000 was be aftering to set upa ?E100 million-loan planfor destitute university pupils. Under this proposed loan strategy, pupils who canprovethat they are in demand of fiscal aid for education-related disbursals will be eligible to have up to?E1000 pertwelvemonthin authorities loans. The loans are to be involvement free and refund will be spread out over a period of 40 old ages after graduation. Problems and challenges in Egyptian higher instruction system are analyzed in the World Bank’sHigher Education Enhancement Project,which is a portion of a comprehensive reform scheme for higher instruction in Egypt. The higher instruction reform docket was influenced by the National Conference on Higher Education, held in February 2000, and aims to turn to Egypt’s demand to upgrade educational quality in the university sector. Egyptian higher instruction sector faces a figure of challenges including: ( I ) antiquated system-wide administration and direction ; ( two ) low quality and relevancy at the university degree ; ( three ) low quality and relevancy at the in-between proficient degree ; and ( four ) limited financial sustainability of publically financed registrations ( World Bank, 2000:1 ) . The job of financially weak registrations is related to the dramatic addition in registrations in university instruction.For illustration, registrations increased by 42 per centum between 1997/98 and 1998/99 taking to an 8 per centum diminution in per -student disbursement that exacerbated disparities in resource allotment between modules ( World Bank, 2002:41 ) . While the overall outgo on instruction as a proportion of GDP has grown from 3.9 per centum in 1991 to 5.9 per centum in 1998 with higher instruction having a 28 per centum portion of entire outgo in 1998, the dramatic growing of the higher instruction pupil population in Egypt creats a serious job in funding higher instruction. Given the high population growing in higher instruction, to merely keep the portion of 18-22 age group at its present 20 per centum degree ( this is an official policy ) would necessitate on norm an extra 60,000 new registrations in higher instruction for the following 10 old ages ( World Bank, 2000:2 ) . The authorities has no fiscal ability to make this.