Jane Eyre Female Characters Essay Example for Free

Jane Eyre Female Characters EssayThough restrained by social convention, the passions of the female characters emerge with great force. In the lively of this comment, discuss Brontes presentation of female characters. Bronte presents the female characters in m either different ways. One early example we dupe of this in chapter one is Janes passion as you speaks out a John. You be like a murderer you are like a slave-driver you are like the Roman emperors This is the fore most(prenominal) quantify we see Janes true passion as she is speaking out to John. By doing so, she is breaking the social norms of that time.At the beginning of chapter two we see how Bronte presents Jane as being a lower class and status than her cousin John, which would have been very common at the time, where females were seen as being less fundamental than men. Miss Eyre, to strike a young gentleman, your benefactresss son Your master. Master How is he my master? Am I a servant? No you are less t han a servant, you do nonhing for your keep We see here that Jane is seen as being less than a servant, whereas John is known as The Master. We as well see in this quote that Jane speaks out to the title given to John Master How is he my master?Am I a servant just about children would just repeat this and day nothing but through Jane saying this we see that Bronte is presenting her to being different, not just form the reed family but to most children at this time. When Jane is locked in the Red Room we see more of her passion when she says Unjust Unjust rather than accepting her punishment. We see this side of Jane a bundle in the early stages of the smart. We see how Jane is angry, rebellious and hungry for adventure. Charlotte Bronte saw the novel as lifting the lid on an English that was built on violence on the young and vulnerable.It also relates to the position of women at the time in which the book came out. Even though there was a Queen on the throne at this time, i t made no difference to the legal and economic position of other women. They had little more power than children. Women couldnt vote and there were no laws in favour of them. Legally a woman belonged to her nearest male relative. When married any property she owned is given to her husband as well does any cash she had. Even middle class women had little rights. They allowed no economically productive careers and they were not permitted to go to university.A middle class woman was evaluate to stay at home until she married, then once married they were expected to stay at home and look after her new family. For woman of this time to have so little rights, it truly would have shocked some people to see Janes passion, to say such things to her male counterparts was seen as cock-a-hoop coming from a girl but from a child made it even more shocking. We see how this is backed up by the early faultfinding reviews and how the novel was received. Despite it being a bestseller, Victorian c ritics did not like it Jane Eyres strong minded independence and many thought the novel was coarse.The novel was also blamed for the corruption of contemporary tastes and morality. Most critics felt that there was something dangerous in the novels underlying message, while Jane Eyre was godless and unrestrained. The reed instrument family are very much detestable. They treat Jane as a nobody and as we only see them from Janes point of view its secure to see any comfortably in them Mrs Reed hates Jane because she has been foisted upon them by a lying wish made by Mr Reed, in which he made Mrs Reed promise to treat Jane as her own, a promise in which Mrs Reed breaks.The Reeds show us how Jane is a social outcast and her response to them demonstrates how she blankly refuses to accept her. The fact that Jane has no money makes the Reeds look down on her, it makes her less important than them as they are a wealthy family. We see a good example of this on page 13 when John speaks You ha ve no business to take our books you are a dependent, mamma says you have no money you family left you none you ought to beg, and not to live here with gentlemans children like us, and eat the same meals we do, and wear clothes at our mammas expense. In this cruel speech by John directed a Jane we see how social class in this time and more particular in Janes case causes her to be completely separated from being anything like the Reed family. Johns speech is something like a man would say, not a fourteen year old talking to his ten year old cousin. The above quote is the perfect summary of the plight of Jane under the decree of the Reed family at Gateshead.

Ratio analysis Essay Example for Free

Ratio psycho synopsis EssayRatio abstract is a tool brought by individuals intaked to evaluate analysis of information in the financial statements of a traffic. The ratio analysis forms an essential part of the financial analysis which is a vital part in the melodic phrase planning. There be 3 different ways of assessing communication channeles performance and these are solvency, profit dexterity and performance. Ratio analysis assists managers to work out the production of the conjunction by figuring the profitability ratios. Also, the management heap evaluate their revenues to check if their productivity. Thus, probability ratios are helpful to the comp both in evaluating its performance based on occurrent earning. By measuring the solvency ratio, the companies are satisfactory to keep an eye on the correlation between the assets and the liabilities.If, in any case, the liabilities exceed the assets, the company is fit to know its financial position. This is hel pful in case they wish to set up a plan for add repayment. Ratio analysis is besides helpful in analysing the performance of a company. Through financial analysis, companies can review their performance in the past years. This is also helpful in identifying their weaknesses and improving on them. pop pretty Foods packs to use ratio analysis because it is a valuable tool for the businesss management to determine the performance of a business and to control the cost rhythms when necessary. Also, ratio analysis helps them monitor and identify issues that can be highlighted and resolved. However, ratio analysis doesnt take into account external factors such as a worldwide recession.Measuring the Solvency of flesh out bonny FoodsNow, I will use 2 rations to measure the solvency of Polish Fine Foods. First, I will estimate the current ratio for Polish Fine Foods. This estimates whether the business can pay debts due in spite of appearance one year from assets that it expects to turn into cash within that year. It is measured dividing current assets by the current liabilities. By looking at balance sheet I can match that Polish Fine Foods current asset value is 28500 and the current liability value is 17000. I will need to divide 28500 by 17000 to dress out the current ratio. This would confine me an manage of 1.7. This means that for each 1 owned they have 1.70 current asset. The figure should commonly not fall below 1.5. If it reaches a value of 1 and so on that point competency be concernsthere about not cosmos able to meet the debts of the short-term assets. However, we can settle that Polish Fine Foods current ratio tells us that this is a solvent business. This means that it is able to settle its debts when they are due to be paid. If the business is not solvent, and then it means that it cant do this. Being solvent would help the business to maintain their confidence.On the other hand, if the current ratio goes higher than 2 world power i ndicate that too practically finance is tied up in a short-term assets, which can result that not too much money are being used within the organisation. Secondly, I will measure the acid test. This is the same as the current ratio however it is a harsher test of ability to settle short-term debts. It is to a greater extent accurate as it takes forth the transmit and shows how thoroughly a business can meet its current liabilities. To find out the acid test I first need to deduce origin from the current assets and then divide the current liabilities by the answer of that. So Polish Fine Foods amount of stock is 8500 from the current assets which is 28500. The answer of the subtraction is 20000. Now I would need to divide the answer by the current liability which is 17000 which would give me the final acid test ratio of 1.20.This calculation removes the uncertain variable of stock, which might be not too important to the business. Similarly, this data shows us that Polish Fine F oods is a solvent business and it has the ability to meet its short-term debts. The business could continue to operate as it is currently looking to be triple-crown. With the current ratio of 1.70 and the acid test of 1.20 Polish Fine Foods is a stable business. It is a healthy figure and shows that the business is in a good position. We can see that 0.50 was tied up in stock and this is not a lot. Both rations show that the business is able to pay for its debts and they can also earn more income which means that the business would gave more profit as the business is solvent.Measuring the Profitability of Polish Fine FoodsProfitability ratios show a companys boilers suit efficiency and performance. To measure the profitability of Polish Fine Foods I will use 3 ratios. First ratio is everlasting(a) profit strand. The gross profit boundary line looks at cost of goods interchange as a percentage of gross gross sales. This ratio looks at how well a company controls the cost of i ts account and the manufacturing of its products. The larger the gross profit margin, the better for the company. To calculate thegross profit margin I need to divide the gross profit by the sales and then time it by 100 to find the percentage. So, to find the gross profit margin for Polish Fine Foods I have to divide 45900 by 145400 and this would give me the answer 0.3156. To find out the percentage, I now need to engender it by 100 and the answer is 32%. The gross profit margin for Polish Fine Foods is used to compare how much value is added to an item in between being bought in as stock or materials and being sold by the business.A low gross profit margin could show that there are high stock cost or maybe that retail price is being too low. If the business has a high gross profit margin then it indicates that the business is financial stable. We can see that Polish Fine Foods doesnt have a high gross profit margin- it is a bit more than a quarter. This means that the business i s in a secure position. They could be more successful if they are going to try and mete out all the stock they have first instead of getting other, so in this way the profit might increase. Next ratio that Im going to use in order to measure the profitability of Polish Fine Foods is solve profit margin. The remuneration profit margin shows how much of each sales amount shows up as net income after all expenses are paid. The net profit margin measures profitability after consideration of all expenses including taxes, interest, and depreciation. To calculate the net profit margin I need to divide the net profit by the sales and then multiply by 100.Therefore, to find the net profit margin for Polish Fine Foods I need to divide 14500 by 145400 and this would give me an answer of 0.0997. So after multiplying the answer by 100, I got 10% which shows the amount of net profit margin. This ratio is used to decide which of a range of products are worth continuing with. A low net profit ma rgin might indicate that costs are too high. Polish Fine Foods net profit margin is quite low, so they could try to improve this by trying to sell the stocks first and then get other instead of purchase lots of them at once which would get more money out. At the moment, the business is in a stable position, but they should try and reduce their costs in order to increase the profit theyre making. Lastly, I would use return on roof employed (ROCE) ratio to measure Polish Fine Foods profitability. This is the percentage return which makes the business able to generate the long-term capital employed.To calculate ROC, I need to divide the net profit by the capital employed and then multiply it by 100. Therefore, to fine the ROCEfor Polish Fine Foods I need to divide their net profit which is 14500 by the capital employed which is 24500 this will then give an answer of 0.591, and then multiply that by 100. The final answer for ROCE is 60%. This ratio has been used to show how efficient ly a business is employ its capital. The ROCE shows us now that Polish Fine Foods is doing well at the moment and they are using their money carefully. Polish Fine Foods overall has good ratios that currently keep them stable. Basically, all these ratios show the amount of profit generated by the company as a per cent of the sales generated. The objective of margin analysis is to detect consistency or positive or negative trends in a companys earnings. Polish Fine Foods is doing well, and looks like it is a stable business. However, there is still place for improvement, e.g they could try and reduce their costs and increase their profits.Measuring the Performance of Polish Fine FoodsA growing business needs to be closely and carefully managed to ensure the success of new investment and expanding plans. Putting performance measurements in place can be an important way of property track on the progress of their business. It gives vital information about whats happening now and it al so provides the starting point for setting targets that will help proprietor apply their plans for growth. Now I will measure the performance of Polish Fine Foods using 3 ratios. First ration is stock turnover. This measures how long stock is being held before it is stand ind. To calculate stock turnover ratio I need to divide average stock by cost of sales and the multiply it by 365 long time. To find Polish Fine Foods stock turnover I need to find the average stock first. The opening stock is 5250 and the closing stock is 8500. By adding them two and then divide it by 2, it would give me the average stock which is 6875.Then I need to divide 6875 by the cost of sales 99500 and it would give me the answer of 0.06909547738. Then if I will multiply it by 365 it would give me the answer 25 days which is the average number of says the stocks are being held before being replaced. If the stock goes out of date and this could happen to Polish Fine Foods as their selling food, stock shoul d be held for a shorter period of time. It is a disadvantage to the business if they held stock for a long period of time because it can be expensive and the stock can deteriorate in value. However, a high turnover of stock can be seen as anindicator of a stable business. Polish Fine Foods has a low stock turnover, and this might be because it is a sole trader and it has been opened up recently. Polish Fine Foods can run successfully as they are able to sell their stock in less time than a month which means that the products dont go out of date by the time they replace the stock. Next ratio Im going to use is debtor collection period.This measures how long debtors take to pay. To calculate debt collection period for Polish Fine Foods I need to divide 18000 which is debtors by 145400 being the sales and multiply the answer by 365 days. This gives me the answer 45 days, on average. It means that it takes 45 days for the debtors to pay the business. Other businesses allow the debtors 9 0 days until they pay the money. For Polish Fine Foods it only takes 45 days which means that is less time, so they wont face any financial problems, struggling to get money from the debtors in order to buy some stock. This ratio shows that the business is performing well as they dont face any cash shortage which would slow the business down.The last ratio Im going to use in order to measure the performance of Polish Fine Foods is asset turnover. It measures how high the level of sales are in relation to the assets of the business. To calculate the asset turnover I have to divide the amount of sales by the assets. For Polish Fine Foods the sales amount is 145300 and the assets value is 24500. By dividing them two it would give me the answer of 6. This shows that the business earns approximately 6 in sales for every 1. Knowing all this measurement is very important for the business owner because they can see how they are performing in different areas.ConclusionThis report was written to illustrate the financial state of Polish Fine Foods. So I used accounting rations as evidence to measure its solvency, profitability and performance. First of all, I install out that Polish Fine Foodss current ratio is 1.70. Another ratio I used is the acid test which gave me an answer of 1.20. This is the same as the current ratio however it is a harsher test of ability to settle short-term debts. These ratios tell us that this is a solvent business. This means that it is able to settle its debts when they are due to be paid. If the business is not solvent, then it means that it cant do this. Being solvent helps the business to maintain their confidence and make it operate more successfully. Another set of 3ratios that show us the profitability of Polish Fine Foods are gross profit margin which was 31.56%, net profit margin being 10%, then ROCE which is 60%. All these ratios show how well the business is running. Also, whether they are making any money and how profitable it is compared with other competitors. From all these ratios, I have found out that Polish Fine Foods is doing well at the moment.They are making enough profit to keep their business going, as they didnt make any loss. Lastly, I measured the performance of Polish Fine Foods using 3 ratios stock turnover which was 6875 then it was debt collection period which was 45 days on average, and then the asset turnover which was 6. Each of these ratios measure different segments of a companys overall performance. These ratios look at how efficiently and effectively Polish Fine Foods is using its resources to generate sales and increase profit. This is important for the business because Ania can notice any unusual fluctuations in the financial ratios over time and can see how the business is performing. This could also help Ania decide whether or not to grow her business and turn it into a LTD as it would give her enough information to see if she is financial stable to do so.

Importance of Vitamins Essay Example for Free

Importance of Vitamins EssayEssential oily acids are vital to promote the growth and fullness of hair. Incorporate seeds and nuts like walnuts, almonds, and pumpkin seeds into your snacks and meals. more than common sources of essential juicy acids are flax, canola oil, fish and soy. Vitamins Vitamin E improves circulation to all parts of the body. The scalp needs proper circulation in order for hair follicles to be stimulated. Vitamin E can be found in avocados, nuts, seeds, olive oil, wheat germ, dried beans, soybeans, and dark green leafy vegetables. The B vitamins which include Biotin, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, and Pantothenic Acid retain hair loss. These vitamins can easily be incorporated by adding eggs, meat, poultry, and whole grain cereals to your diet. Sponsored Links http//www. livestrong. com/article/242666-diet-to-thicken-hair/ixzz2B6HNXT00 Besides being rich in protein and vitamin D (both are key to strong hair) the omega-3 fatty acids found in this tasty cold-wa ter fish are the true superstar.Your body cant make those fatty acids, which your body needs to grow hair. About 3% of the hair shaft is make up of these fatty acids, Drayer says. Omega-3s are also found in stall membranes in the skin of your scalp, and in the natural oils that keep your scalp and hair hydrated. Other options If salmon doesnt thrill you, you can also get essential fatty acids from fish like herring, sardines, trout, and mackerel, as well as avocado, pumpkin seeds, and walnuts (see below for more wonderful things about walnuts

How shift work impacts the health of employees

How channelize elaborate impacts the wellness of employees(Johnson 1999). Shift lay down is defined as the bug out workforcet where the populate work on the regular bases based on pokes, these call downs argon divided into three blocks they ar morning shift, by and bynoon shift and wickedness shifts. pull in shift establish complications in the schedule of family lifes activities, and oppose wellness progenys. (Halpern,2005 Levin-Epstein, 2006 Rosa and Colligan, 1997 Coasta, 2003). Shift workers argon defined as anything opposite than normal day time timetable. These may includes evening work, iniquity rotation, split shift, causal or on call tune and irregular shifts. throw life differences affect full time workers (Williams, 2008). Shift work organization leads to many physiological and psychosocial problems which affect the health of the individuals workers. (e.g., Nachreiner et al. 1995, Costa 1996), Physical health variables include gastrointestinal problems, sleep problems and psycho vegetative. (Akerstedt, 1985) employees who work fit(p) shifts give read less physical health problems compargond to rotating shift employee in rotating shifts report more physical health complaints than those with fixed shifts . According to Basner (2005), somewhat 20% of the employers at the piece of work do work in shifts. Therefore, in that the case it is seen that the shift work does effect the routine system of the person as a whole. It affects the abdominal system and does effect in psychological terms too. According to McCall (2004), did a study on the employees of the hospital and they found that their life is on stake while deeds on shift work and increases the severity of occurrence of problems and the Oregons on the job(p)(a) data came out on the conclusion that the workers who were doing night and evening shifts were on more guess than those running(a) on day shifts.Serious health risk factor occurs due to circadian rhythm disturbed in shift workers. Main precedent for shift work is due to the nature of the job, occupational services such as nurses, doctors, and police officers are colligate with shift works. (Smith and Ward, 1986) The three prominently trust associates of experienced puree are Alcohol use, family problems, self-reported medical examination maladies by Military police. (Spring, 1980) men working(a) different shifts are likely to take heavy drinks many digestive supports on regular basis, where as women working in different shifts take tranquilizers and sleeping pills on regular bases to reduce focus problems. Both men and women working variable shifts show wound up efforts. Employees who are working night shifts are mostly uncovered to the breast cancers.(Schernhammer et al. 2003) suggest that employees who are working rotating night shift for 3 presbyopic time in a month for more than 15 years shows colorectal cancer in women. Circadian rhythm desynchronisation, the opening of th e bodys biological rhythm has been a authoritative factor in explaining shift works effects on health, (Moore-Ede at al. 1962). The actuality that shift work disrupts eating, sleeping working patterns is a cause for concern. In his studies , Halberg (1959) the term circadian rhythms which has been used to explain the various bodily functions over the 24 hour cycle, (Harrington, 1978). Our bodies follow a instinctive rhythm and a grand research has been do in this field.A general survey conducted in the 2005 states that about 45% of people working belongs to health occupational field. (Folkard, 1996) shift workers that do hard jobs will need to actually relax, this is called desynchronization. Health-related risk factors occur due to the disturbance circadian rhythmic connection to the shift works. It is important to note that employees who stop doing the shift work show more health problem compared to present shift workers (Frese and Semmer 1986). Social problem and family probl ems are observe in shift workers these problems diminish by day to day life activities such as their childrens education, they spend less time with their families as a effect of shift work, And overly decrease in the spouse pleasure (Smith and Folkard, 1993), researches are opposing studies on work-nonworking argument with rotating shifts among workers (Bohle and Tilley 1989). Some of the findings of other research show that employees working shifts show difficulty in utilizing the potential of spare time (Baer et al. (1981, 1985). The effect of shift work may be due to shifts rotation so ignoring working evening hours or weakened hours will improve the physical and psychological well being of these workers (Monk and Folkard 1985).The studies fuddle as well as found that the rotation shifts and positive military posture at the work place have been greatly linked. Those who are working on the rotation shift have the positive job attitude. Positive job attitude behavior is less i n Rotating shift workers i.e. Organizational commitment, and job rejoicing, compared to fixed shift workers, well-nigh of the other research finding states that fixed shift works show less favorable job approach compared to Rotating shift workers (Jamal 1981). The central research states that working in socially rotating shift or fixed shifts i.e. evening and weekends show different increased levels of burnout, home date, and negative job attitudes such as turnover intentions, commitments, organization, and job satisfaction. And also show absence and damage general health. These central research studies mainly concentre on rotating vs. fixed shifts and working hours evening, day time and weekends.To minimize health risk by shift work much can be done such as employers can make sure that on that point is enough time for employees to have health food at right time, best way to achieve this is to provide microwave so that employees can bring healthy food and have a place to heat their food during meal time and also employers can put in place and open lunch system whereby given who are on 12 hrs shift. The opportunities have a tea break, and lunch break each time which is necessary such effects helps to reduce the risk of acquiring gastro intestinal disorders.CONCLUSIONFor shift work, in order to minimize the overall risk on a shift schedule, we need to consider the provision of breaks deep down them, number of successive, and the length of shift work. Furthermore, it is clear that these factors need to be considered in mixture with one another since for example, a 12 hour shift work includes regular rest breaks which prove to be safer than the usual 8 hour night shift with just a lone break.REFERANCESKnauth, P. and Hornberger, S. (2003) Occupational Medicine, Vol. 53, pp 109-116Harrington J.M (1978) Shift Work and Health. a Critical Re moot of the Literature. Her Majestys Stationery Office.Demerouti, E., Sabine, A. E., Geurts, Arnold. B, Baker and Euwema, M. (2004) The impact of shift work on work home deviation, job attitudes and health, Vol. 47, No. 9, pp 987 1002Halpern, D. F. (2005) How time flexible work policies can reduce try on, improving health, save money, vol. 21, pp 157-168Schernhammer, E. S., Laden, F., Speizer, F. E. Willett, W. C., Hunter, D. J., Kawachi, I., Fuchs, C. S. And Colditz, G. A. (2003) Night shift work and risk of colorectal cancer in the nurses health study, diary of the national Cancer Institute, Vol. 95, No. 11 pp 825A smith, L, Folkard, S.and Poole, C.J.M. (1994) increased injuries on night shifts, The Lancet, Vol344, pp1137-1139Akestedt, T., Fredhind, P., Gillberg, M., and Janson, B. (2002) Work load and work hours in coition to disturbed sleep and fag out in a large representative sample. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, Vol. 53, pp 585-588.Critically review the evidence that work-life conflict leads to negative health outcomesGreenhaus Beutell., (1985). Defined as Bi-directional relation between work and family life. It is the make of inter -role conflict in which pressure from both family and work are mismatched. Work and family has two direction of conflict. There are two types of conflicts observed i.e. Family-to-work conflict and work-to family conflict, Family-to-work conflict takes place when the work combines with family life (Example-parents may take leave to attain the family function), in the same way Work-to-family conflict occurs when work interfere with family life activities. (For example unexpected meeting from the higher officials may stop the person from picking up of the children).(Frone, Russell, Cooper, 1992 Kinnunen Mauno, 1998) employees are more focus on work-to-family conflict then the family-to-work conflict. (Allen et al., 2000 Byron,2005). Conflict on work-life shows negative health results such as job attitude and impaired health, due to this effects vast research has been done directly on work-family problem and its results. Person wh en performing different roles in his life at a time is called overload, nevertheless these people show different attitude in the home and office permissions. Work load and increased working hours leads to many negative outcomes like (Burke Green glass, 1999 Phillips-Miller, Campbell, Morrison, 2000) decrease job performance, reduce job satisfaction (Allen, 2001).it also show psychological problems like anxiety, poor physical health, slump, increased level of alcohol use. (Frone,Russell, Cooper., 1997 Major et al., 2002). consequently these psychological problems show both direct and indirect effect on work -family relationships.Work -family residual were explained by three ways i.e. Time balance in which time is equally balanced with work and family ,second is involvement balance where equal involvement is required to maintain work and family and the third one is satisfaction balance were work and family is equally satisfaction. Investigations show that individuals show high quality of life when they spend more times with family then the work.Research conducted on working mothers. This study examine the families were mother and father are working agree to this survey, Work-to-family show positive answer to life satisfaction, job satisfaction and negative response to individual form. Family-to-work show positive response to family satisfaction, life satisfaction, and marital satisfaction. But show negative effect organizational commitments. In this study it explains that father works more than 49 hours in a week and spends most of the time in the house hold matters where as mothers works less compared to father and show less involvement in the house matters i.e. they work only 46 hours in a week. However father show less work-family conflict, greater family satisfaction, marital satisfaction and less individual accent and more life satisfaction compared to working mothers.A Study conducted was conducted by Portuguese university students .these peop le interview and store the data from in depth 32 interviews from different back ground. Finding of these study shows that worries are mainly felt by the mother particularly children hooked mother. The data also proposed that work-family procedure are unsuccessful if they are not supported by a positive work-family background.(Cooper and Quick,1999). Work life conflict may leads to undeveloped performance which is difficult to face to the confronts, rewards and chances. Working may result in poor inspiration, poor efficiency, and poor person growth this state is called as qualitative under load. This under load stress may result complicated stresses and health problems. Some of the examples which enter in to daily life are throws in the job performance, lack of endorsement and concentration and from the officials, cold and warm clashes with generation, difficulty in implementing the new group structure and working on ready reckoner programs. All this situations may affect health and well being of the individuals as well as organisation. Examples which leads to conflicts in case of organization (Cooper, 1999) are if there is change in employee and organizational relationship, change in the products, production and in technology department side.The current rate of place and change have accelerated in the past few decades. In the present global scenario, the need to be globally competitive in order for economies to stay afloat and sustain growth, significant burden is placed on the drivers of growth these are the individuals at large. This huge strain on individuals and organizations has led to some degree of family breakdown. It is strange and ironic to view work as a source of money and comforts on one hand, on the other hand as a source of stress, depression and health related problems. (Higgins and Duxbury 2002). According to Bachmann, 2002 there is an established correlation between a satisfied, committed, motivated, individuals and health and well being . Over 5 million people in the UK have asthma, suggesting upwards of 75000 could have work related asthma ,worsened by work.38,000 people have work related skin problems that are manifested in the form of eczema and contact dermatitis. NHS figures are staggeringly high in terms of GP visits annually. Stress related financial costs are something to the tune of 12 million pounds annually. This mounting evidence ought to compel government, policy makers, trade unions, researchers and various organizations to join hands and formulate policies in favor of family friendly working style that could to some degree alleviate some issues.ConclusionWork-life conflict both in family and organization leads the individuals to many physical and physiological problems to avoid these problems individuals should learn some victor skills like working teams, dealing with group thinkings, facing bully situations, learning how to manage the stress conditions, developing the skills to reach the goals. A nd gain knowledge which is essential to funding the individuals to work without undergoing stress.ReferenceEdward Rothard (2000), Academy of management review, volume 25, pp.178-199Greenhaus, J.H., and Beutell, N. J.(1985). Source of conflicts between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, pp. 76-88.Frone, M.R. Russell, M., Cooper, M. L. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work _family conflict Testing a exemplar of the work family interface. Journal of Vocational Behavior, PP.145_167.Cooper, C.L, Quick, J. (1999), Stress and Strain, Health Press, Oxford, .Allen, T., Herst, D., Bruck, C., Sutton, M. (2000). Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict AReview and agenda for future research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, pp. 278_-308.Frone, M.,R., Russell, M., Cooper, M. L. (1997). Relation of work-family conflict to health outcomes A four-year longitudinal study of employed parents. Journal of Occupational and OrganizationalPsychology, pp. 32 5-335.Jeffrey, H., Greenhaus, Karen.M. Collins and Jason.D.Shaw (2003). Journal of Vocational Behavior. pp 510-531Cooper, C.L (1999), Theories of Organizational Stress, Oxford University Press, Oxford, .Discuss and critically pass judgment research that has examined the impact of bullying at workWorkplace bulling research began in Sweden in the 1980s. Research from both countries like Finland (Bjorkquist et al, 1994) and Norway (Adams and Crawford, 1992) conducted studies on work bedevilment and mobbling.Andrea Adam 1990, a British Freelances journalist brought the phenomenon bulling this leads to develop numbers of researches by UK scholars. According to (Baron Neuman, 1996 Einarsen Matthiesen, Skogstad, 1998 Keashly, 1998). Workplace bullying is defined as a persistent and dogging pattern of abuse of work and negative events directed at workers. Bullying is a form of coercive interpersonal power. It involves intentional impose of injuries, verbal abuse, forcing out and repea ted physical contact, offensive teasing, isolation, social exclusion other negative actions. (Forsyth,2006). Due to this situation the target finds difficult to him or her or to face the situation. These situations may leads to severe mental, physical and psychological disease. Bullying in everyday life may cause humiliation and harm if it occurs on regular basis. Many researches also showed that large amount of money is wasted due to destructive conflict and bulling at work.Surveys among some 8,000 Norwegian employees, 54 per cent of the victims reported that bullying is done by a superior (Einarsen and Skogstad, 1996). Supervisors and managers are seen as the bullies in many cases, this is due to power differences in the parties. (Zapf, in press) In English, Austrian, German, studies states that between 70 and 80 per cent are bullied by a superior. Victims who affirmed by the supervisors seems to face more psychological problems compared to victims of co-worker. (Einarsen and Rak nes, 1997a 1997b)Leymann (1993) interviewed victim and stated that there are four factors responsible for eliciting torment at work. Deficiencies in work design, a low moral standard in the department a socially exposed position of the victim, and deficiencies in lead behaviour (Randall, 2001) Individuals are deeply ashamed of being maltreated and are at their bewildered at their obvious failure to protect themselves and fight back.(Bernardi 2001, Strawbridge 2001) workplace bulling leads to many consequences like the individuals show less productivity they may also suffer from trauma related illness and also they are great risk at self harming behaviour due to this situations some individuals may quite the job without thinking that they do not have new job.According to layperson (1990), the term bullying was used without giving the term of schoolyard and this was for the very first time used in about 1990. There have been many studies which says that bullying have been a top mos t thing to spread all over the world in many countries and about 3% of the population from Scandinavia completed because of bullying at the work place (Einarsen and Skogstad, 1996 Layman, 1992). According to Hoel (1996), the students from United solid ground have also been at the top that show the rate of bullying of slightly 10%.According to Mikkelson and Einarsen (2002), a psychological variable such as fear, anxiety, and helplessness has been found to be the cause of the psychological harm by the person. These variables do effect the job satisfaction and commitment and person do inclined low towards the job.According to Cooper et al., (2003), did a study on 674 males and 981 females who were working in the hospitals and studied the correlation between the work-place bullying and how health touch on their job. The participants reported the increased rates of leave and sickness and also increase in vanish rate. The participants also reported the effect on the mental and physic al health.Quine, 1999 edition, 2001 hunt, 2001) bulling in medical setting will give rare insights of health professionals. The practices can be studied under two categories i.e. hierarchical workplace bulling horizontal workplace bulling. Horizontal workplace bulling is related to nursing (Duffs, 1995, Lee 2001 Strawbridge 2001 Hocking 2002) and these publications states that workplace bulling occurs between professionals and workers will show some levels of bulling in the same field. In Britain, study conducted on NHS community trust and reported that 38% of employees working in health sectors experiences bulling at work in the previous years .Some study reported that 37% of 594 junior doctors was bullied in past year (Quine, 2002), medical students in United States suffer high level of job related bulling during their training period. (Daughters, Baldwin and Rouley, 1998. Kassebaum and Luttes, 1980).The other form of bulling at work is the internal harassment may reduce product ivity, increase stress, change magnitude commitments and threatened by the individuals may occur. Criminal justice public order act 1994 says about harassment the other form of bulling at work is sexual harassment where male domination is more ranges from serious rape to less serious but understanding behaviors such as sexual jokes.Australian medical students experiences high level of bulling during their medical training but they named these bulling as sexual harassment (White, 2001).Combination of increasing competition economic rationalism, downsizing, dynamic, Macho management styles have gived a culture where bulling can be removed or thrive.(Besag, 1989) for several years research has been done on bulling at schools and he states that it is stable phenomenon. United Kingdom shows high incidences of bulling in schools (Butch Knoff, 1994), his research also states that all students show bulling at their study level. Survey conducted on part time students at Startfordshire Uni versity i.e. 1137 samples and they also asked the clear up working situation where they were bullied. Then they answered that 53% were bullied at some point in their working period, and among them 19% were singled victimized and remaining were bullied in groups.(Coyne et al., 2000), Bullying results in a ripple outcome signifying that the occurrence do not engage just a few troubled employees, but instead it is an active offshoot that negatively affects everyone in the work setting. In bullying work atmosphere non exposed workers will show less negative experiences compared to exposed workers .worker that are exposed to bullying conditions will show more stress and mental problems than non-exposed workers (Vartia, 2001, p. 65).Many research proposed that bullying show negative impacts on work quality results.(Rayner et al., 2002, p. 56)Additionally, co-workers who see their colleagues abuse more often leave their jobs as a result of their contact with bullying than non-exposed wo rkers.ConclusionBulling is regarded as obsessive and compulsive behaviour. Due to this bulling effect there will be low self esteem low self confidence, In order to eliminate bullying at work, organizations need to take go against elimination of bullying otherwise it affects morale and persuasiveness of employee (Randall, 1997). It is important to speak with someone who solves the problem informally like trade union official or human resources department otherwise manages or supervisor some employees are specially trained to solve harassment problems they are called harassment advisers to face problems they are called harassment advisers to face problem at work in ordered to get good output.ReferenceCooper, C.L. Einarsen, S. Hoel, H. Zapf, D. (2003, p.130) Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Work Place International Perspective in Research and Practice. Taylor Francis Inc.Einarsen, S. (1999). The nature and causes of bullying at work. International Journal of Manpower , 20 (1/2 ), 16_/27.Einarsen, S., Skogstad, A. (1996). Bullying at work Epidemiological findings in public and private organizations. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 185-201.Randall, P. (2001) Bullying in Adulthood Assessing the Bullies and Their Victims. New York Brunner-RutledgeCoyne, I., Seigne, E. and Randall, P. (2000) Predicting workplace victim spatial relation from personality. EuropeanJournal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 9, pp 335-49.Forsyth, D. R. (2006). Group dynamics(4th Ed.). Belmont, CA Thomson Wadsworth.http//www.inicio.ie/Bullying%20at%20Work.pdfHoel, H., Cooper, C. L. (2000). Destructive conflict and bullying at work. Manchester, UK Manchester School of Management.Rayner, C. (1997). The incidence of workplace bullying. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 7,199-208.Besag, v. (1989), bullies and their victims in schools, Open University press, Milton Keynes.Randall, P. (1997), Adult bullying perpetrators and victi ms, Routledge, London and New York.Drawing on recent research, compare and contrast the effectiveness of primary and secondary/ tertiary stress management strategies in improving employee wellbeing.The stress in relation to work is a significant and is considered an important obstruction for a variable such as job satisfaction and also to act better in psychosocial activities. According to Cox et al (2002), about 60% of the people are losing their job and not going to work because of the stress. According to the statistics of European foundation (2000), shows that there are 15% of employees complains about the headache, 25% of them picture the symptoms of pains in neck and shoulders, 23% cases because of fatigue, 28% cause because of stress and 33% because of backache. Also, an employee assistance programmers laid an importance to provide the counseling to the employees who are hapless from stress or have difficulties related to the work-life balance and problems related to alcoh ol and drug intake.According to Jones et al. (1998), a survey being done in UK, showed that about 27% of the workers suffered from psychological problems such as anxiety and depression, and also stress caused many people to give up their jobs and about 20 working days were lost. In an another survey by US called as National health interview survey, found out that about millions of employees suffer from mental stress at their work place which effect their health. According to Antai-Otong (2001), stress effected and added few more problems such as burnout, other chronic problems which ultimately affected their job performance and lower down the productivity and also, lowering down their morale.The literature has also shown many longitudinal studies been done on intervention of stress management at workplace, therefore literature also talked about the cross sectional studies but could not successfully tackle out the issues and also long lasting effect of the interventions could not be seen. The stress management interventions fall under three categories which are primary intervention, secondary intervention and finally tertiary intervention.The primary intervention aim at the redesigning, changing the work systems and changing the entire structure of organization. Therefore, it aims at primarily removing the stressor or the thing that cause to create the stress at the work place. The intervention at the primary level facilitates and increases the control over the job and also the environment at their work place and also this in turn reduces the stressors, therefore by increasing the satisfaction of the workers and their well being too. This all includes giving the proper and good working hours and the shifts patterns, and also the description of the role should be clear enough so that no stress can be laid upon the workers.According to Lazarus (2000), the primary interventions are related to the copying strategies which are problem focused and therefore reduces t he causes and different sources of stress.The next intervention called secondary intervention aims at modifying the stressors which are expected or predicted and causes stress at work place. The secondary intervention, unlike primary deals with the experiences related to the stress and not by stress, as a word, for example, the coping such as emotional focused aims at reducing the emotional state related to the stress at the work place and minimizing and reducing the stressor from the person, who is experiencing the stress. Apart from this, the secondary intervention involves stress management training, social support, biofeedback etc. According to Allen et al (1999) explored and stated that experience does matter and that help in helping new employees and feel them comfortable so that they may not feel the stress at high level and thus encourage socialization. Also, a correlation was calculated and it was seen that there was a negative correlation between the socialization and stre ss at work. Therefore, we can say that support and relationship between colleagues and peer relation at work place is so important. Social support is therefore important by making contacts with people who are directly or indirectly related to their work place.Jones et al., (2000) did a study in the hospitals to see the impact of the stress management on the employers. These programs helped to improve the skills to cope with the stress and other relaxation techniques were also used. There later, it was also seen that after couple of months, there was a fall in the medication. Then thereafter, a follow up was taken for 2 years and less negligence was seen after the program of stress management was undertaken.The third and the final intervention is the tertiary intervention. According to Quick et al., (1997), tertiary interventions includes the programs such as counseling, psychotherapy and employee assistant programs As discussed at the starting various programs, employee assistance p rograms (EAP) has been used to tackle the behaviour which are injurious to health such as alcohol intake or problems related to drug intake, however EAPs have been successful with such patients. Sadri (1991) found in the study that the progress has been seen among the employees by enhancing their self esteem and progress have been found in their mental health state.More studies have been found that have seen that more interventions of stress management. Murphy (1996) did a review on the stress management intervention among the employers at their work place such as B.P., anxiety and other psychological problems. The techniques such as cognitive behavioral techniques, meditation, biofeedback and other strategies were reviewed, whereas meditation showed a positive and consistent results but it is hardly used in the organizations. Techniques such as cognitive behavioral strategies and relaxation reported to be successful. Also, there was a consistent and positive result among the variou s techniques altogether, therefore, their combination proved to be more effective than using any single strategy.Therefore, according to Quick et al., (1997), it would be suitable to say that primary interventions are the most convenient and best method of intervention because they are actively involved in eliminating the causes of stress, but secondary and tertiary approaches do help in stress management but they are only limited in removing the sources of stress but not the stress itself and this is where primary intervention plays an important role in eliminating the stress itself.

Korean Culture In The 21st Century

Korean Culture In The 21st CenturyKorean culture has the most goodly influence in the 21st century today. The riding habits of social media have effectively shown how harmony from all around the world, like K-pop, can be sh ard and show a platform to steer their endeavors to go international. In the beginning stages of K-pops arrival, the use of social media to circulate its symphonyal content was a very fan-lead movement. It has seen how integral the use of the Facebook, Twitter, and Y let outube is to display a heightened reality full of cute, seductive, and skilful talents. Record companies set up official Youtube channels for their artists and companies to create a presence. Television also plays an burning(prenominal) role in this overall attitude of being tenuous.K-pop which means Korean popular medicament, is a medical specialtyal genre consisting of dance, electronic, hip-hop, rap and others elements which originating in South Korea. K-pop has magnanimous into a po pular subculture among teen ancientagers and five- yr- middle-aged adults around the world. Basically, those k-pop singers be showing the better figure in their music video. In todays society of stick thin K-pop jumper cable and celebrity is emerging focus on corpulency, so it is no wonder that much and more people have take in dis ball clubs. In fact, the celebrity focuses on being thin because the camera adds at least ten pounds. However, a plus size k-pop singer is uncommon. This sends a message to girls and little women that thin atomic number 18 beautiful and it may cause them not to satisfy with their current figure. In the vector sum, it may lead them to having anorexia nervosa, and atomic number 18 they the potential patient?enquiry ProblemIn the most of the society nowadays, towards the exposure of the K-pop music culture, effeminates atomic number 18 very particular on their trunk size especially being passing thin is the rely that will never disappear. In order to fulfill the desire, it makes young-bearing(prenominal)s have the tendency to reduce their repasts irregularly and even more serious was highly restrictive eat. A report from Sutter Health network (2003) shows that more than 90% of people who alter by anorexia nervosa atomic number 18 callow and issue women. This group of young and young women atomic number 18 candid to K-pop music very oftenly. Moreover, according to the report from U. S. NEWS (2010), it shows that approximately 1 out of 200 western women who atomic number 18 unkept eating are between 15- 24 years experienced. From the above reports, it indicates that, females who are arriveing from anorexia nervosa are sightlyly at the aged between 15 to 24 years old adolescent and young women. The highly percentage of adolescent and young women have eating disorder, which affect them to pay more attention on their body saddle to oppose a distortion of body image. As shown in National Associated of An orexia Nervosa And Associated Disorders (2012), there are many people with anorexia nervosa see themselves as over charge even they are starved, they will control themselves to achieve the thinness they want. Since the population of eating disorders among female adolescents are increasing, a visual sense will be conducted to find out whether the K-pop music culture has influenced anorexia the female adolescents to suffer from anorexia nervosa.Purpose of the StudyTo examine whether females between 15 to 24 years old are influenced by the K-pop culture virtually their body outlook and figures.To find out the frequency of female adolescent go bad to Korean popular music.To examine whether females adolescent who frequently exposed to Korean popular music, are they satisfied with their current body weight.To find out whether females adolescents have taken their meals regularly after(prenominal) they exposed to Korean popular music.Research QuestionDoes the K-pop culture influence th e females between 15 to 24 years old perception about their body figures?Significance of StudyThe study of the bear on of K-pop music culture towards the anorexia nervosa among the female adolescents can be a guide for them to test whether themselves are diagnosed in anorexia nervosa. A summary from Renfrew Centre Foundation for alimentation Disorders (2002) shows that 20% of people suffering from anorexia nervosa will prematurely die. Another summary from the same resource shows that 70 million individuals are affected by eating disorders worldwide. From the summaries above summarized that people have less awareness about anorexia nervosa. In fact, they do not know that eating disorder is the main symptom that comme il faut to prove an individual to be diagnosed in anorexia nervosa. Therefore, this study is to raise awareness of anorexia nervosa and also to help the female adolescents prevent from anorexia nervosa.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 thr unmatched Communication Theory Advertisers often emphasize sexuality and the importance of somatogenetic winsomeness in an attempt to sell carrefours, provided researchers are concerned that this places indefensible pressure on women to focus on their appearance. In recent survey by Teen People magazine, 27% of the girls felt that the media pressures them to have a perfect body, and a poll conducted in 1996 by the international ad agency Saatchi and Saatchi found that advertisement made women fear being unattractive or old. Researchers conjure advertising media may adversely impact womens body image, which can lead to proinflammatory behavior as women and girls strive for the ultra-thin body modelized by the media.The average women see 400 to 600 advertisements per day, and by the time she is 17 years old, she has received over 250,000 commercial messages with the media. Only 9 of commercials have a station statement about beauty, but many more implicitly emphasize the importance of beauty-particularl y those that target women and girls. One study of Saturday morning toy commercials found that 50% commercials aimed at girls spoke about physical attractiveness. Others studies found 50% of advertisement in teen girl magazines and 56% of television commercials aimed at female viewing audience used beauty as a product appeal. This constant exposure to female-oriented advertisements may influence girls to become self-conscious about their bodies and to obsess over their physical appearance as a measure of their worth.We are affected by what we see on television programs. Studies have shown that womens dissatisfaction with their bodies is related to what they see in the media. Girls and women are most affected by the sexual images of their favorite celebrities they see on television. A growing number of these women are also addicted to extreme dieting, cause which can lead to psychological disorders, low self-esteem, and even death. Women are exposed to celebrities who are Photoshopp ed in the media and it affects the way they see themselves. They think they are not attractive and skinny compared to celebrities. However, this contradicts reality considering that Korea has the lowest obesity rate among OECD (organization for economic co-operation and development) countries and Koreans are a lot slimmer than people in other unquestionable countries. Because of the importance of obtaining an ideal body shape in our society, many women go on a diet. However, the results are eating disorders or and an unhealthy lifestyle.2.2 The thin ideal is becoming a trend in our society.According to the latest survey by the Korean Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, almost two in every woman suffer from malnourishment with intentional starvation being the main cause. In the 2007 report, 48.7% of teenagers were on a diet, with 65.3% of females restricting their eating. However, if this kind of extreme diet persists, people can have conditions such(prenominal) as t omentum cerebri loss and depression to binge-eating syndrome, constipation and anorexia. Even celebrities are not immune to eating disorders. For example, in Korea, the late model Kim Yoo Ri, received oodles of stress because of dieting. After going on an extreme diet, she developed anorexia and eventually died. Not just in Korea, but also around the globe, lots of women including celebrities suffer from illness from extreme diet and exercising such as Isabelle Caro from France. In conclusion, the media plays a large role in the way women view their bodies to the point of dieting.Women frequently compare their bodies to those they see around them, and researchers have found that exposure to idealized body images lowers womens satisfaction with their own attractiveness. One study found that people who were shown slides of thin models has lower self-evaluations than people who had seen average and oversized models, and girls reported in a automobile trunk Image Survey that very thi n models made them tone unstable about themselves. In a sample of Stanford nethergraduate and graduate students, 68% felt worse about their own appearance after looking through womens magazines. Many health professionals are also concerned by the prevalence of distorted body image among women, which may be fostered by their constant self-comparison to extremely thin figures promoted in the media.75% of normal weigh women think they are overweight and 90% of women overestimate their body size.Dissatisfaction with their bodies causes many women and girls to strive for the thin ideal. The number one wish for girls ages 11 to 17 is to be thinner, and girls as young as five have expressed fears of getting fat. 80% of 10 year old girls have dieted, and at any one time, 50% of American women are currently dieting. Some researchers suggest depicting thin models may lead girls into unhealthy weight-control habits, because the ideal they seek to emulate is unattainable for many and unhealthy for most. One study found that 47% of the girls were influenced by magazine pictures to want to lose weight, but only 29% were actually overweight. Research has also found that stringent dieting to achieve an ideal figure can play a severalise role in triggering eating disorders.Other researchers believe depicting thin models appears not to have long-term negative effect on most adolescent women, but they do agree it affects girls who already have body-image problems. Girls who were already dissatisfied with their bodies showed more dieting, anxiety and bulimic symptoms after prolonged exposure to fashion and advertising images in a teen girl magazine. Advertisements emphasize thinness as a monetary threadbare for female beauty, and the bodies idealized in the media are frequently untypical of normal, healthy women. In fact, todays fashion models weigh 23% less than the average female, and a young woman between the ages of 18-34 has a 7% chance of being as slim as a catwalk mo del and a 1% chance of being as thin as a supermodel. However, 69% of girls in one study said that magazine models influence their idea of the perfect body shape, and the pervasive acceptance of this unrealistic body type creates an impractical standard for the majority of women.Some researchers believe that advertisers purposely normalize unrealistically thin bodies, in order to create an unattainable desire that can drive product consumption. The media markets desire. And by reproducing ideals that are absurdly out of line with what real bodies really do look like. The media perpetuates a market for frustration and disappointment. Its customers will never disappear. writes capital of Minnesota Hamburg, an assistant professor of psychiatry at Havard Medical School.2.3 Eating disorders on the increase in AsiaThirty miles south of the border with starving North Korea, young women in the South Korean capital are starving themselves, victims not of famine but of fashion. Dr. Si Hyung Lee has seen this dark side of affluence and modernity. He remembers best the patient who died of respiratory failure She was a pediatricians daughter, said Lee, director of the Korea Institute of Social Psychiatry at Koryo General Hospital in Seoul. Her tyro and mother were both doctors. But her parents failed to realize that their teen-ager suffered from anorexia nervosa until it was too late to save her. Anorexia nervosa was a disease almost unheard of in Korea a decade ago. In fact, if Asia is a reliable indicator, eating disorder is going global. Anorexia is a psychiatric disorder once known as Golden Girl syndrome because it stuck primarily rich, white, wise(p) young western women was first documented in Japan in the 1960s. Eating disorders are now estimated to afflict one in 100 young Japanese women, almost the same incidence as in the United States, according to retired Tokyo University epidemiologist Hiroyuki Suematsu.Over the past five years, the self-starvation syndrom e has spread to women of all socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds in Seoul, Hong Kong and Singapore, Asiatic psychiatrists says. Cases also have been reported though at much lower rates in Taipei, Beijing and Shanghai. Anorexia has even surfaced among the loaded elite in countries where hunger remains a problem, including the Philippines, India and Pakistan.Doctors in Japan and South Korea say they also have noticed a marked increase in bulimia, in which patients gorge themselves, then vomit or use laxatives to try to keep from gaining weight, some quantify with lethal consequences. Experts debate whether these problems are caused by western pathologies that have infected their cultures via the globalized fashion, music and entertainment media, or are a generic ailment of affluence, modernization and the conflicting demands now placed on young women. Either way, the effects are unmistakable.According to Dr. Ken Ung of National University Hospital in Singapore, he claims that ap pearance and figure has become very important in the minds of young people. Thin is in, fat is out. This is interesting, because Asians are usually thinner and smaller-framed than Caucasians, but their aim now is to become even thinner. A weight-loss craze has swept the developed countries of Asia, sending women of all ages. In Hong Kong, 20 to 30 types of diet pills are in common use and in Singapore, where the anorexia death of a 21 year old, 70 pound student at the prestigious National University, dieting itself has become a fashion statement.South Korea is perhaps the most interesting consequence study since, until the 1970s, full-figured women were seen as more sexually attractive and more likely to produce a healthy sons, said Dr Sing Lee, a psychiatrist at the Chinese University of Hong Kong who has written extensively on eating disorders. When I was a kid, plumper than average women were considered more desirable, they could be a first sons wife in a good house. He said. Bu t standards of beauty have changed dramatically in the 1990s with democratization, as South Koreas government decontrolled television and newspapers, allowing in a outpouring of foreign and foreign influenced programming, information and advertising.The be slim trend starts earlier now, even in elementary school. Said the institutes Dr. Kim Cho. Dieting by growing teen agers often leads to inadequate calcium intake and weaker bones. Kim is worried about an increase in osteoporosis cases when this generation of girls reaches menopause. The dieting will also result in weaker physiques and decrease resistance against disease, she said. South Korea Korean psychiatrist Dr. Kim Joon Ki, who worn out(p) a year in Japan studying eating disorders, said the increase in eating pathologies over the past few years has been phenomenal. Before I went to Japan in 1991, I had seen only one anorexia patient, Kim said. In Japan they told me, Korea will be next, so you should study this now. And sure enough, they were right. Kim said he has seen more than 200 patients, about half of whom were anorexia and half bulimic, in the 2 years since he overt a private eating disorder clinic. Lately I have so many calls that I cant even give them all appointments, he said. But Kim said his new book on eating on eating problems, I want to eat, but I want to lose weight is selling poorly. Readers attention is still focused on dieting, not on eating disorders, he said.Dieting is not only trendy, its necessity for many Asian women who want to fit into the most fashionable clothes, some which are only made in one small size which is equivalent of an American size 4, said Park Sung Hye, a fashion editor at Ceci, a popular montly style magazine for 18 to 25 year old women. They make just one size so only skinny girls will wear it and it will look good, Park said. They think, we dont want fatty girls wear our clothes because it will look bad and our image will go down. As a result, If youre a li ttle bit fatty girl, you cannot buy clothes, she said. in all of society pushes women to be thin. America and Korea and Japan all emphasize dieting. In the articles she writes on how to diet, she cautions readers against excess, warning, A models body is abnormal, not normal. Park said young Korean attitudes toward food differ from those of their elders, who remember hunger after World War Two and the old greeting, Have you eaten? and fat as a sign of prosperity. straightway skinny means you are wealthier, since everyone can eat three times a day, Park said.2.4 Symptoms of Anorexia NervosaAnorexia literally means loss of longing (Medline Plus, 2003), however, with anorexia nervosa, loss of appetite rarely accompanies the restricted eating, dangerously low body weight, distorted body image, and intense fear of being fat (American Psychiatric Association APA, 2000, Halmi, 2005). Individuals with the disorder are frequently hungry and preoccupied with food, but deny the sensation of hunger as a way of establishing control over their bodies (Hobbs, Johnson, 1996). The result is a mingled and potentially deadly illness that has the highest mortality rate of any mental disorder (The Renfrew Center Foundation RCF, 2002). Someone with anorexia may look very thin. They may use extreme measures to lose weight by making themselves throw up, taking pills to urinate or taking diet pills. In fact, they will not eating or eating very little and they will weigh the food and counting calories.Anorexia nervosa constitutes a major health care problem (Becker, Grinspoon, Kilbanski Herzog, 1999), It has been expound as one of the most common chronic illnesses among young females today (Touyz Beumont, 2001) and Anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder predominantly affecting adolescent girls (Hoek forefront Hoeken, 2003). Approximately 95% of those affected by anorexia are female, most often teenage girls. In the U.S. and other countries with high economic status, it is estimated that about one out of every 100 young women has the disorder. Research suggests that the prevalence of anorexia nervosa (AN) has been increasing, especially since the 1960s (George, 1997). For women, the lifetime incidence of the eating disorder is 0.9%, and for men is 0.3% (Hudson, Hiripi, Pope, Kessler, 2007). The incidence among young women aged 15-19 has been recorded as high as 135.7 per 100,000 per year, and the rate of incidence among adolescent girls living in Western societies appears to have been rising steadily throughout the last mentioned half of the previous century (Lucas, Crowson, OFallon, Melton, 1999). Furthermore, research undertaken at the turn of this century suggests that the disorder is sub-clinical in up to 10% of young women aged 16-25 (Walsh, Wheat, Freund, 2000).Risk factors for anorexia overwhelm being more worried about, or paying more attention to their weight and shape. Generally, they will have a negative self-image, having certain s ocial or cultural ideas about health and beauty. They will also have an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even when she is underweight. One of which is that people affected with this disorder are 15% below their healthy body weight and have a body mass index (BMI) less than 17.5 (Psychiatry GPs should be wide-awake for eating disorders, 2009). Probably, they have a body image that is distorted and refuse to admit the seriousness of weight loss.There are several physical effects of anorexia other than the obvious loss of weight can be seen. Anorexia can cause slow thinking and poor memory. Patient also will feel depression and fatigue. It will also cause dry, yellowish skin and brittle nails. Fine, downy hair grows on the face, back, arms, and legs. Despite this new hair growth, loss of hair on the head is not uncommon. Besides that, it will also cause tooth decay and gum damage. It will also cause the patient dizziness, fainting, and headaches. People with anorexia p owerfulness also develop trouble maintaining a consistent body temperature and they will get cold easily.In addition, according to Dan W. Reiff, he said that In our clinical practice we surveyed over 1000 people with clinically diagnosed eating disorders. We found that people with anorexia nervosa report 90 to 100 percent of their waking time is spent thinking about food, weight, and hunger an additional amount of time is spent dreaming of food or having sleep disturbed by hunger. People with bulimia nervosa report spending about 70 to 90 percent of their total conscious time thinking about food and weight-related issues. In addition, people with disordered eating may spend about 20 to 65 percent of their waking hours thinking about food. By comparison, women with normal eating habits will likely spend about 10 to 15 percent of waking time thinking about food, weight, and hunger.CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1 SubjectsThe survey was conducted by development the cluster random sa mpling. The survey form was breakd to 100 students. 35 students from Tunku Abdul Rahman College, Penang Branch Campus, 35 students from Disted-Stamford College and 30 students of Penang Chinese Girls High School. The survey form only distribute to female students who are aged between 15-24 years old.3.2 Research DesignThis research is aims to examine whether female adolescents are influenced by the Korean popular music culture among the female adolescent between 15 to 24 years old. The data of the survey was collected by using quantitative research method. the survey questions was knowing accordingly to meet the research objectives. The survey consists of 14 questions. First part of the survey was designed to know about the demographics of the participants to find out whether the participants themselves are underweight or overweight. The second part of the questions was designed to find out the frequency of the female adolescent exposed to Korean popular music. While the undermen tioned part of the questions was designed to examine the satisfaction of the body weight among the female adolescent who exposed to Korean popular music. Last part of the survey questions was designed to find out whether the female adolescents have taken their meals regularly after they exposed to Korean popular music.A PILOT test was conducted was conducted on a sample size of 15 students from Tunku Abdul Rahman College, Penang Branch Campus. The Pilot test was carried out to test the accuracy requirement to meet the research objective.3.3 Research MaterialsIn order to find out the body weight of the female adolescent between 15 to 24 years old are underweight, overweight or at the average desirable weight. Body Mass Index(BMI) measurement formula has been using as a calculator. According to the World Health Organization(2008), BMI is the standard reference for the obesity test. Throughout the survey, pen, pencil and papers have been using to fill up the survey form.3.4 Research Pr ocedureThe survey questionnaires were only distributed to the female students who were taking meal in the canteen of the institutions of Penang Tunku Abdul Rahman College, Penang Disted- Stamford College and Penang Chinese Girls High School. 100 set of survey questionnaires were distributed to three institution.CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS4.1 HypothesesThroughout the survey, the objective of the survey is to examine whether females between 15 to 24 years old are influenced by the K-pop culture about their body outlook and figures. The data were collected from three institutions which is Penang Chinese Girls High School, Penang Tunku Abdul Rahman College, and Penang Disted-Stamford College. The arrogate sample size is 100 people. 35 students from Tunku Abdul Rahman College, 35 students from Disted-Stamford College and 30 students from Penang Chinese Girls High School. The sample size was divided into 2 categories. 15 to 18 years old students are from secondary school which falls under 1 categ ory while 19 to 24 years old falls under another category which is the students from tertiary education level. The following graph shows the results of the demographics of the participants.4.2 Standard Reference of Body WeightChart 4.2 Body weight of the participants through Body Mass Index (BMI)Based on the chart 4.2, from the first category which the participants are aged from 15 to 18 years old, there are 20% of the students were underweight, 1% of student was at the average weight and 9% of the students were overweight. From the another category, the participants were from 19 to 24 years old. There are 30% of the students were underweight, 35% of students were at average weight and 5% of the students were overweight.4.3 Frequency of the Exposure to the Korean popular(K-pop) musicChart 4.3 Frequency of the Exposure to the K-pop musicBased on the chart 4.3 above, it shows the frequency of the female adolescents exposed to the K-pop music. 12% of the underweight students exposed to K-pop music less than 2 times per week, 24% of students exposed to K-pop music more than 4 times per week, 6% of the students exposed themselves to the K-pop music everyday and 8% of the students never exposed themselves to the K-pop music.The students who are at average body weight, there are 13% of them exposed to K-pop music less than 2 times per week, 15% of them more than 4 times per week, 5% of them watch it every day and 3% of them never expose to K-pop music.4.4 Satisfaction of body weight among the female students who exposed to Korean Popular(K-pop) musicChart 4.4 Satisfaction of body weight among the female students who exposed to Korean Popular(K-pop) musicThere are 38% of underweight students are not satisfied with their current body weight while 12% of them satisfied with it. Students who are at the average weight, 28% of them dissatisfied with their body weight while 8% of them satisfied with their current body weight. Students who are overweight, there are 11% are n ot satisfied with their body weight while only 3% of them are satisfied with their body weight. Overall of the percentage, there are 77% of the students are not satisfied with their current body weight.4.5 Do the Students Reduce the Number of MealsChart 4.5 The actions of the students take on their meals to become their favourite Korean CelebritiesAccording to the chart above, students who are underweight, there is only 2% of them have reduce their meals while the rest 48% are not. 35% of the students who are at average weight have not reduce their meals while only 1% has reduce her meal. While the overweight students, only 3% of them have reduce their meals and 11% of them are not.4.6 Outcome of the Satisfaction of the Weight among the StudentsChart 4.6 The Impact of the Korean Popular(K-pop) music towards the anorexia nervosaFrom all the charts shown above, there is 77% of the students are not satisfied with their current body weight after they exposed to the Korean Popular music. While 23% of the students are satisfied with their body weight. The majority of students were influenced by the Korean Popular music about their body figures.CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION5.1 Summary of ResultsAfter the survey was conducted, based on the result of the satisfaction of the body weight among the participants, majority of the participants, after they exposed to the Korean popular music, they do not satisfied with their body figures. The conclusion is there is an impact in Korean popular music towards the female adolescents. But based on the findings on the actions that whether they will reduce their meals in order to become to Korean celebrities they favor. After all, the outcome is although there is an impact in Korean popular music towards the female adolescents but the majority do not reduce their meals to become the Korean celebrities that they admire.From the survey, the results also shown that majority of the underweight female adolescents are not satisfied with their curr ent body weight even their body weight are under weight according to the worldwide standard reference, Body Mass Index(BMI). The answers found in the survey questionnaire was they wish to be slimmer. They also stated that they want to be thin is because they want to be more beautiful. It shows that Korean popular music has a great impact to influence the teenagers nowadays to have the perception that to be extremely thin is the trend todays.Korean popular music is not the main factor that cause people choose to suffer from anorexia nervosa. There is other factors behind it. In the hereafter, a result is hopefully to be conduct with other factor like advertisements.During the survey was conducted, a new idea was brought from the surrounding of the locations and the people. As this survey was only targeted at female but there was a lot of male students pass through. They are even more interested to know more about the Korean popular(K-pop) music compared to some of the females. It in dicates that K-pop is not only influence females nowadays but also males. Males have started to admire the Korean celebrities and tend to imitate them. In the future of the research, the research of the target group might target at male students which is quite new to the society today.Due to the advancement of the technology today, children before launching to nursery or kindergarten, they have already exposed to the media almost every hours. Especially parents whom are also the favourite adopter of new technology such as smartphone, tablet and etc, their children will expose to the media more. Expose themselves to the media has already become one of the routine in daily life. In a nutshell, a research should be conduct in future should also target at the children.

Wuthering Heights :: Essays Papers

WUTHERING HEIGHTS MAIN CHARACTERSCatherine Earnshaw She is the daughter of Mr. Earnshaw and the sister of Hindley. She is also Heathcliffs foster sister. Heathcliff and Catherine are in love, but she marries Edgar Linton instead. When Cathy died, she wanted both(prenominal) Heathcliff and Edgar to suffer because Edgar never understood why she loved Heathcliff and Heathcliff because he never knew why she marry Edgar. Catherine Linton She is the daughter of the older Catherine and Edgar Linton. Her mother Catherine died shortly after she was born. She married Linton Heathcliff and became Catherine Heathcliff. Then after her husbands death she married Harenton and became Catherine Earnshaw. Mr. Earnshaw He was a farmer and father of Hindley and Catherine. He is a kind- hearted man who takes Heathcliff in after he found him lying on the street, although his family protested he still took him in. Edgar Linton He is Isabellas older brother, who marries Catherine Earnshaw and is the father of there daughter, Catherine Linton. He is a gentle bred, lissom man, a patient husband and loving father.Ellen Dean Ellen is one of the main narrators. She has been a servant for the Lintons and Earnshaws all her life. She knows all of them better than every one else. People that are close to her call her Nelly.Frances Earnshaw She is Hindleys married woman. She was a rather giddy woman. She displayed a great fear of death, which tells us why she died of tuberculosis.Harenton Earnshaw Harenton is the intelligence of Frances and Hindley Earnshaw. He marries young Catherine and grows up with his Uncle Heathcliff his both mother and father die. He is ruff and uncultured having been kept from civilization from so long by Heathcliff.The Wuthering high belongs to Harenton even though Heathcliff runs the household.Hindley Earnshaw Is the only son of Mr. and Mrs. Earnshaw, he is also Catherines older brother. He becomes a violent alcoholic after his beloved wife Frances dies. Also Hindley never got on with Heathcliff because Hindley felt rejected from his fathers affection, because Heathcliff the favorite child of Mr. Earnshaw.Heathcliff He is taken in by Mr. Earnshaw and raised along with Catherine and Hindley. Catherine was a moving force in his life, and he hated all those who stood between him and his beloved Cathy. However, he was of unknown descendants and was found in Liverpool famished on the streets.

Catcher in the Rye :: essays research papers

The Member Of The Wedding and The Catcher The Rye be twain similar novels in the way adolescents want to belong to a group of people but there is one major difference. Frankie is looking to grow up so that she can fit in with the people around her while Holden wants to avoid large-mouthedheartedhood completely as he sees the adult world as being false and corruptible. In Member Of The Wedding Frankie feels like she doesnt fit in to a childs world. This is due to a matter of reasons. She wishes now to belong to a more adult society.Frankie feels alienated from the rest of her friends. When they play underneath the arbour Frankie doesnt fit because she is too tall. She resents this and sees her friends as noisome screaming kids. Frankie attempts to befriend the older girls but they say she smells and when they blabber about sex Frankie doesnt understand referring to this as nasty lies. Here we see Frankie excluded from the adult world that she desires to belong to.Frankie also feels excluded from her family. Her father wont allow her to sleep in the same bed as him anymore. He says that she is too big now. He is rarely at home and when he is he hardly speaks to Frankie. She attempts to converse with him but he just grunts at her. Eventually when he does talk to her he doesnt say much. After the wedding he shows a lack of understanding towards his daughter. She needs him but he tells her to wait until they are at home because then he will punish her for her behaviour. Berenice is the mother figure in her life but she returns to her own home and family in the evening. She feels excluded from Jarvis and Janice too because when they fetch home for a few days they invite Frankies father but not her. She feels this isnt very fair as she is also expose of the family. This heightens Frankies isolation and also heightens her desire to belong to a group.Frankie wants to belong to the navy and then decides to give blood to the Red Cross. She is refused on both acc ounts because she is too young. She thinks the freaks and criminals are trying to make eye contact with her so she can join their group but Frankie does not want that.